Professional Role/Code of Ethic free essay sample

Codes of Ethis looking into it of Mr. E Professional Roles and Values Western Governor University State Regulations and Nursing Standards Nursing, as other clinical calling, targets aiding and sparing the life of other. As much as medical attendants and doctor needs to mediate to draw out a patient life, it’s imperative to consider patient’s wishes. Morally, intubating Mr. E without legitimate conversation and thought of his desires is without wanting to. It’s an infringement of Provision I of ANA Code of Ethics in regarding patient’s nobility. The attendant likewise neglect to fulfill the Guidelines of Competent Performance dependent on California Code of Regulation, Article 4, code 1443. 5, which expressed â€Å" [nurses] goes about as the client’s advocate, as conditions require, by starting activity to improve social insurance or to change choices or exercises which are against the interests or wishes of the customer [†¦]† (p. 70) Implication. As per code 2. 1 â€Å"Primacy of patient’s interest† from American Nurses Association, it’s the nurse’s duty to regard the uniqueness of every patient, and regard patient’s wishes. We will compose a custom exposition test on Proficient Role/Code of Ethic or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Hence, the attendant is dependable to look for an answer if patient’s wishes are strife with others (p. 5). In light of the above codes, the medical caretaker in the situation must educate Mr. Y about Mr. E’s wish. The attendant likewise need to survey Mr. Y comprehension of hazard and advantage of the method, so he would have all the neccesary data to settle on choice. Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics was created by the American Nurses Association as a structure for moral rule. The work fills in as a standard in helping medical caretakers settling on moral choice. As indicated by the ANA Code of Ethics,(2001), arrangement I expressed that attendants must treat persistent with sympathy and regard the patient’s pride, worth, and uniqueness, paying little heed to social and efficient status, nature of medical issue, and person’s properties (p. 1). In explicit, the interpretive proclamation 1. 4, in which the emphasis is on patient’s right to self-assurance, is fitting to apply in this situation. (p. 4) Impact of Code. Code 1. 4 expressed that medical attendants regard patient’s respect by respect their own desires. In this manner, it’s imperative to advise Mr. Y of Mr. E’s wish as â€Å"do not resuscitate† (DNR). In spite of the fact that Mr. E is intellectually challenge, he has his own inclination and point of view on his wellbeing status. Additionally, the patient’s state of mind when he marked Advance Directive and Power of Attorney is indistinct; subsequently, overlooking his desires is a bogus suspicion and a modest representation of the truth to his dynamic capabality. As a medical attendant in this situation, I would illuminate Mr. Y of his sibling wish on Advance Directive. Morals of Putting Patient on Ventilator. Putting Mr. E on ventilator dependent on the niece’s authorization is untrustworthy. The choice didn’t make dependent on patient’s wellbeing because of Mr. Y ignorance of Advance Directive. What's more, the niece settled on the choice rather than Mr. Y; in this manner, the patient’s Power of Attorney was not followed totally. As the medical attendant, I would call Mr. Y to clarify the circumstance and the choice of his niece. I would likewise advise him regarding the patient’s wishes in the Advance Directive. As a supporter for tolerant, I would likewise raise the patient’s wish to the physican’s consideration, and talk about the need to illuminate both Mr. Y and his niece of the Advance Directive. Despite the fact that Ms. H doesn’t have Power of Attorney, she assumes a job in helping Mr. Y dynamic since Mr. Y called her for proposal. Morals of Authorizing Ventilator. Mr. Y should considers his brother’s wish dependent on the Advance Directive. Mr. Y ought to likewise request the dangers and advantages of putting his sibling on ventilator. As his sibling, Mr. Y would need to drag out his brother’s life; in any case, Mr. Y should assess his brother’s want, personal satisfaction, and the reach out of affliction. On the off chance that Mr. Y doesn’t concur with the Advanced Directives, Mr. Y’s approval is substantial since the Advanced Directives isn't completely finished. Investigation of Mr. E’s Advanced Directives Because of Mr. E psychological wellness status, his capabality to settle on choice is muddled when he marked the Advanced Directives. Besides, as indicated by EmedicineHealth, â€Å"it’s significant that the assigned intensity of lawyer knows and comprehends your [the patient] wishes† (Nabili, 2012). Nonetheless, relative didn’t sign the Advance Directives, and the inclusion of family is muddled. In this way, the named Power of Attorney may not know and comprehend the patient’s wish. The patient and family probably won't talk about patient’s choice. Moreover, when the choice of Mr. Y clashes with the choice of Mr. E in Advance Directives, the circumstance turns out to be muddled. HIPAA Aside from Mr. E muddled circumstance, there are significant Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) infringement in the situation. The doctor abused patient’s right to security insurance by examine his ailment and circumstance to Ms. H in the lounge area, an open spot. The data was unveiled to different patients, to Ms. H’s beau, and other non-related human services staff. Besides, examining Mr. E condition to Ms. H ought to be addressing in light of the fact that Ms. H, despite the fact that she’s the patient’s niece, isn't the named intensity of lawyer. One of the attendant job is advocate for paient. By not ensuring patient’s security, a medical caretaker additionally damage HIPAA. The attendant, albeit mindful of the doctor infringement, didn't intercede to ensure Mr. E’s data. In this way, she could be consider responsible for infringement of HIPAA. In this situation, a medical attendant remarked on disregarding HIPAA. The medical attendant isn't just disregarded patient’s security legitimately, yet in addition morally as indicated by ANA Code of Ethics. Other than doctor and medical attendant, the office is likewise responsible for HIPAA infringement, for the office didn't fortify the significance of HIPAA with its staff and doctor. Proficient Conduct As the above passages talk about, the medical caretaker neglects to direct the standard of nursing by disregarding patient’s rights for security assurance. By expressing â€Å"forget it†¦no one focuses on HIPAA anyway,† the attendant is in danger of disregarding HIPAA. Close to HIPAA, the cafeteria medical attendants neglect to go about as patient’s support by expressing â€Å" What improvement does it makes? The guy’s got diabetes, ir hindered, and is as of now in a nursing home. † This medical caretaker damaged Provision I in Code of Ethics by ANA in which an attendant thinks about patient with empathy and regard paying little mind to social and prudent status, personal’s property, and nature of medical issues (p. 1). Futhermore, absence of information on Advance Directives is an unfortunate behavior of Provision II in Code of Ethics by not â€Å"primacy patient’s interest† and regard patient’s wishes. Steps. To stay away from wrongdoing of expert norm, the medical caretaker in this situation should converse with the doctor in private about revealing patient data. The medical attendant initially recommends to call Mr. Y and get authorization to talk about consideration with Ms. H; at that point the medical caretaker must illuminate Mr. Y the Advance Directives just as evaluate Mr. Y comprehension of dangers and advantages of the system. Getting educated assent from Mr. Y is additionally a vital advance. On the off chance that Mr. Y can’t be reach in a period touchy way, the medical caretaker should contact the specialist that helped Mr. E with the Advance Directive; she would then be able to get data identified with Mr. E dynamic capacity at that point, and illuminate specialist and charge nurture for dynamic. Be that as it may, in this situation, the attendant ought to tell charge nurture and higher hierarchy of leadership about the circumstance and the infringement of HIPAA. Moral board ought to be advised to counsel for fitting activities. Concerning partners, the medical attendant ought to educate her manager, without naming name, the need to arrange staff in regards to HIPAA, Advance Directives, and strengthen in Code of Ethics. By taking fitting mediations, the attendant guarantees nobility in persistent mind and keep up regard in workplace. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of morals. Recovered from http://nursingworld. organization/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf California. (2005). California nursing practice act: With guidelines and related satutes. Matthew Bender Co. , an individual from the Lexis Group. Nabili, S. (2012). Advance orders. Recovered from http://www. emedicinehealth. com/advance_directives/page2_em. htm

Paul Of Tarsus (Major Outline) Essays - Biblical People In Islam

Paul Of Tarsus (Major Outline) Explicit Purpose: Inform my crowd why Paul of the Bible despite everything establishes a connection with the present ministers and educators in varying backgrounds. Proposal Statement: He composed his most significant work in 57 A.D., his epistles are a piece of the smash hit work on the planet. Paul of Tarsus was perhaps the best speaker that have ever lived, and his works and discourse characteristics are as yet rehearsed right up 'til today by ministers and laypeople the world over. Presentation: I. Foundation data of Paul and what drove him to turn into a definitive observer of Christ to the Gentiles. Body I. Paul's experience A. Paul was brought into the world a Jew in Tarsus a) Paul was a Roman resident by birth b) Paul was a tentmaker by profession B. Paul was Pharisee (A Jewish instructor of the strictest request) He was a persecutor of the Christian confidence and transparently executed individuals who pronounced to know Jesus Christ as their own friend in need. C. Paul's genuine name was Saul of Tarsus a) God struck him off his pony making progress toward Damascus b) The Lord solicits him, Saul of Tarsus, for what reason does thou revile me? c) The Lord made Saul daze with scabs over his eyes d) Saul concurred that Jesus was the genuine Son of God and said that he would go to the Gentiles (Non-Jews) and lecture the expression of the Gospel of Christ. II. Paul was an incredible and powerful essayist A. Paul composed 13 books of the New Testament a) The most significant was the letter to the Romans that he composed while he was in Corinth, Greece b) Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge viewed Romans as, The most significant book in presence? c) Commentator Godet called it, The basilica of the Christian confidence? d) Martin Luther composed, This epistle is the main piece of the New Testament, and the most perfect gospel?the more it is managed, the more valuable it becomes. III. Paul was an incredible speaker of his works and others compositions A. Paul guarded himself before numerous high positioning Roman and Greek authorities and won the most significant fights. a) Defended himself before Felix Felix terrified of the fierceness of the Jews b) Accused before Festus by Jews c) Appeals to Rome when no blame is found d) Defends himself before Agrippa e) Agrippa can discover no deficiency, when Paul contends his case B. Paul safeguards himself and his lessons at the Grecian Areopagus an) Areopagus was the regarded Grecian open court gathering b) Epicureans and Stoics tried to bring him under the steady gaze of the court in view of his perspectives on their religion Court met on Mars' slope in Athens c) They were interested about Paul saying they adored divine beings that they didn't have a clue c) Paul's resistance is as yet the model for conveying the gospel to a that has no scriptural foundation d) He drew on his environmental factors by discussing the Athenians love of religion showed by their numerous symbols e) Was discharged by court IV. Paul's works live on today A. His works are still perused and presented everywhere throughout the world a) His works are cited and concentrated right up 'til today End: Paul went from a difficult work occupation to being one of the most compelling essayists of this century and changed the way perpetually that Jesus Christ my Lord would be contemplated and shown the world over. Discourse and Communcations

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity

Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity Addiction Alcohol Use Print Drinking Alcohol Associated With Obesity By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 Peter Dazely/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Is drinking alcohol linked to obesity? The answer is it is possible, although research on the association has produced inconsistent results. It may be that its not how often you drink, but how much you drink when you do drink that affects weight gain. Some research suggests that its your pattern of drinking that affects your body mass index (BMI). Body mass index (BMI) is the relationship of someones weight to their height. It is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. A BMI measurement of 18.5 to 25 indicates normal weight; 25 to 30 is overweight, and over 30 is considered obese. Pattern of Drinking Is a Factor A study of 37,000 drinkers who never smoked tobacco, found that BMI was linked to the number of drinks the subjects had on the days that they did drink. Because previous studies had linked smoking and drinking to weight gain, the NIAAA study looked at only those drinkers who had never smoked. In our study, men and women who drank the smallest quantity of alcoholâ€"one drink per drinking dayâ€"with the greatest frequencyâ€"three to seven days per weekâ€"had the lowest BMIs, said first author Rosalind A. Breslow, Ph.D., while those who infrequently consumed the greatest quantity had the highest BMIs. Contradictory and Inconsistent Results Previous studies have not definitively linked alcohol consumption with weight gain. A systematic review of the literature on the subject found that cohort studies with long periods of follow-up produced contradictory results. Findings from short-term experimental trials also failed to show a clear trend regarding drinking and obesity. Overall, the review found, that research has not established a clear link between alcohol consumption and weight gain. But, studies that did positively link alcohol consumption with weight gain mainly involved higher levels of drinking. Quantity and Frequency Are Factors Breslows study used a different method of assessing alcohol consumption compared to previous studies, she explained. Alcohol consumption consists of two components, explained Dr. Breslow, the amount consumed on drinking days (quantity), and how often drinking days occur (frequency). Previous studies generally examined drinking based only on average volume consumed over time. However, the average volume provides a limited description of alcohol consumption as it does not account for drinking patterns. For example, an average volume of 7 drinks per week could be achieved by consuming 1 drink each day or 7 drinks on a single day. Average volume may not fully explain important relations between quantity and frequency of drinking and health outcomes such as obesity. Heavy Drinking May Stimulate Eating Breslow and her colleagues concluded that there may be several reasons that her study found a link between both quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption to BMI. Alcohol is a significant source of calories, and drinking may stimulate eating, particularly in social settings, said Dr. Breslow. However, calories in liquids may fail to trigger the physiologic mechanism that produces the feeling of fullness. It is possible that, in the long-term, frequent drinkers may compensate for energy derived from alcohol by eating less, but even infrequent alcohol-related overeating could lead to weight gain over time. Type of Alcohol May Be a Factor Other studies have indicated that the type of alcohol consumed may be a factor in whether nor not drinkers experience weight gain. For example, light-to-moderate wine consumption has been found to protect against weight gain, while drinking spirits has been positively associated with weight gain. Additionally, common sense tells us that its called a beer belly for a reason. So, what is the bottom line? Does drinking alcohol cause weight gain or not? Does Drinking Cause Weight Gain? The answer could be yes if you: Drink heavily when you do drinkDrink beer and liquor, instead of wineIf you have a tendency for weight gain to begin with Scientists agree that more studies are needed to determine if drinking patterns increase the risks for weight gain if certain types of alcohol are more likely to cause weight gain and if the persons general tendency to gain weight regardless of their drinking is a factor when they do begin to drink.

The Color Purple Character Analysis - 1362 Words

â€Å"The Transformation of Celie in The Color Purple† The 1900’s – a time when blacks were segregated from whites and women were seen as inferior to men. Alice Walkers character Celie, from The Color Purple, was ugly and terrified as a young girl. Though many trials and tribulations, she would become strong and independent. In addition, Celie built up a resistance to the hurt and suffering that she painfully endured from her stepfather and husband. She eventually allowed herself to not take simple things for granted therefore recognize the beauty of everyday life. In her final years, Celie is portrayed in a blissful state and displays her independence as a mature woman. Alice Walker’s use of the first-person point of view, tone, and†¦show more content†¦Celie also values her sister Nettie greatly and protects her when it comes to their step-father, Alphonso raping the girls. Celie says â€Å"I ast him to take me instead of Nettie while our new mammy was sick.† the casual tone of the preceding line ad ds to Celies lack of self-worth; she is so used to being raped by Alphonso that it no longer makes any difference to her. As Celie transitions to the Mister’s household, she is still treated with disrespect by the Mister himself and even one of his sons. In a letter to God, she writes â€Å"I spent most of my wedding day running from the oldest boy†¦ He picks up a rock and laid my head open.† Celie grows older in this household and submits to more abuse from her new husband. After many years in Misters household, Shug, one of Misters ex-lovers comes to stay because she is sick. Eventually, Celie has the opportunity to become closer with this woman whom she loves dearly and finally learns how to fight back and make her voice heard. By choosing to have Celie is the narrator for herself, Walker enables her to express herself in a very strong way. Celie discovers that Mister has been hiding every letter from her sister Nettie, and Celie is extremely upset. Instead of not expressing her emotions, like she would have most likely done in the past she cries asks Shug, How Im gon keep from killingShow MoreRelatedThe Color Purple Character Analysis1032 Words   |  5 Pages Abraham Maslow’s pyramid of needs is a five tier breakdown of how a person might reach a point of self-actualization. In The Color Purple a few characters can be seen finding themselves indirectly through the steps of the pyramid Maslow created. One character that exemplifies this proce ss is Nettie. With the help of her older sister Celie, Nettie was able to begin the journey of finding herself. Cecile protects Nettie from her father and allows her to experience a relatively basic idea of freedomRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Celie, the Color Purple Essay2690 Words   |  11 Pagesthat her capacity to love and to be loved is blooming during the scene of her first kiss with Shug. Thrown into young adulthood at the early age of 14, at 21 years old Celie now begins the true process of developing intimacy with an unlikely character for the time. A long lasting friendship and mutual love affair between Celie and Shug has begun, and will later prove to be her saving grace as her confidence, identity, purpose, and will increase. Shug plans to leave in September of 1916, monthsRead MoreEssay on Race and Class in Alice Walkers Color Purple1622 Words   |  7 PagesEssay on Race and Class in The Color Purple  Ã‚     Ã‚   An important  Ã‚  juncture in Alice Walkers The Color Purple is reached when Celie first recovers the missing letters from her long-lost sister Nettie. This discovery not only signals the introduction of a new narrator to this epistolary novel but also begins the transformation of Celie from writer to reader. Indeed, the passage in which Celie struggles to puzzle out the markings on her first envelope from Nettie provides a concrete illustration Read MoreThe Color Purple: A Story of Transformation Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagessomething fundamentally different from masculine experience of social encounters? Is there such a thing as underlying feminine character structure which always and everywhere differs from the basic character structure of the male? This paper seeks to analyze the gender struggles within the film and how they are embedded at multiple dimensions of society. The Color Purple is a story of transformation, of the will of one woman against all the men in her life, of the strength faith and friends can giveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Color Purple 1043 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze the intersectionality of oppression in Alice Walkers novel, The Color Purple. I am going to show how the political categories of race, sexuality and gender play a role throughout. I am also going to discuss Walker’s own term, â€Å"Womanism† and how that plays throughout the story. I will be focusing on the main character Celie, as well as other characters to help me demonstrate my analysis effectively. Celie, the main character, starts out the book writing letters to god, a god of her understandingRead MoreA Quick Looks Shows Childrens Toys are Gender Specific Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesschool age with a focus on girls toys. Infant toys were the one age group where the genders comingled. My first selection is the Laugh and Learn Love to Play Sis. This plush dog displays dominate colors of pink and purple, has a bow in her hair and is wearing a skirt. Sis has some non specific colors including blue, green, yellow and the dog is brown. This toy is marketed as a toy that can sing and teach the alphabet, numbers and songs. The company is conveying to the consumer this toy will entertainRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1445 Words   |  6 Pages In Alice walker’s â€Å"The Color Purple† she uses foil characters such as Celie and Shug to express the polar opposites that are inevitably found when abuse occurs. Celie represents submission and low self value. Shug on the other hand represents Independence and intolerance. Both characteristics coincide bringing forth friendship and change. In the book â€Å"The Color Purple† the writer Alice Walker illustrates a story of bravery, struggle and oppression. The main character in the book, Celie, is shownRead MoreEssay on Finding Meaning in For Color Girls1232 Words   |  5 Pagessurely recover from such abuse and discover joy in themselves. The movie begins with the characters as strangers but at the end, they become good friends. I watched this movie because it was directed by Tyler Perry. I thought the movie was about women and their struggles to overcome them. Not much of that thinking has changed except now, with critical attitudes like the intrinsic and feminist literary theory analysis, the text has a broader meaning. For colored girls does not mean for black women onlyRead MoreAmayrani Lopez. Mr. Sahr. Honors American Literature. 21199 Words   |  5 PagesAmayrani Lopez Mr. Sahr Honors American Literature 2 March 2017 The Color Purple Background Information Alice Walker, the author, was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was the youngest daughter of sharecroppers and grew up poor. When Walker was eight years old, she was shot in the right eye with a BB pellet while playing with two of her brothers. After she got shot in the eye, a whitish scar tissue formed, and she became self-conscious of this visible mark. She found solace inRead MoreFilm Analysis : Pixar s Animation1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe film through the use of innovative colors, captivating texts, and visual arrangement. The use of innovate colors is one of the key aspect in marketing the Finding Dory film poster. Many advertisers often struggle with finding an exceptional color scheme that captivates the audience. In a study titled Exciting Red and Competent Blue, researchers found that â€Å"purchasing intent is greatly affected by colors due to their effect on how a brand is perceived; colors influence how customers view the ‘personality’

Difference Between Functional Manager and Project Manager

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A FUNCTIONAL MANAGER AND A PROJECT MANAGER FUNCTIONAL MANAGER 1. He is in-charge of a firm’s functional depts. Such as marketing, engg., or finance. 2. They are more skilled at analysis. Such heads are specialists in certain areas only. 3. They are analytical in approach (breaking the system into smaller and smaller elements) and they know something abt. the operation for which they are responsible. 4. In case of any difficulty, they know how to analyze and attack it. 5. They are administratively responsible for deciding how something will be done, who is going to do it, and what resources will be devoted to accomplish a task. 6. He is a direct, technical supervisor. 7. He†¦show more content†¦The project may also be stopped because it is unsuccessful. For eg: If a medicine is prepared for a disease but selling at higher rate and in the market there are other medicines at lower rate for same disease then launching of this new medicine may not benefit and this project may be carried on further. 2. Termination by addition: Most projects are inhouse i.e. carried out by project team for the use in parent organization. If a project is a major success it is terminated by the parent organization. For eg: Suppose the Maths dept creates a BSc[IT] course taken as a project. Now if after several years the BSc[IT] course can run on its own, then the Maths dept can terminate this BSc[IT] project which can be considered as a full fledged dept. now. 3. Termination by intefration: This method of terminating a project is most common and it is done when the complexity arises. The property equipment, material, personnel and functions of the project are distributed among existing element of the parent organization. The output of the project becomes the std. part of operating system of the parent or client For eg: The merger of global trust bank with oriental bank is termination by integration. Following points must be considered when the project functions are distributed during integration. a. Personnel: Where wil the project team go? Will it remain a team. B. Manufacturing: Is the trainingShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure Of Functional Managers919 Words   |  4 PagesStructures relates to Project Management Functional managers have specialties such as engineering and manufacturing. They are usually selected for their technical expertise and ability to control the day to day operations. Functional Managers are considered cross-functional team and are self-directed to assign to a specific task. This type of management have different responsibilities, but all work to perform the same function of the department. Leadership within functional managers is essential, itRead MoreChapter 10 Review Questions961 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the difference between leading and managing a project? Leading involves recognizing and communicating the need to change course and direction of the project, aligning people to this new direction, and motivating the team to overcome obstacles to achieve the new objectives. Managing is about formulating plans and objectives, designing procedures to achieve those objectives, monitoring progress, and taking corrective action. Managing is about putting out fires and maintaining the courseRead MoreUse Of Mintzberg s Management Roles1356 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectives but also the non-tangible goals and objectives such as completing the project on time and without any overrun. 3.4 Management Roles Based on the research interview, Jacobs is also using Mintzberg’s management roles within 3 categories: †¢ Decisional Roles Both top and middle managers of Jacobs Australia have decisional roles to do. The top management is generally involved on deciding when to initiate new projects or programs and approve significant other organisational decisions. However bothRead MoreProject Management1673 Words   |  7 Pagesare those, which focus on the tangible results of the project. They require specific domain knowledge, tools, and techniques in order to complete the work. An example would be the creation of a software application package. 4. Describe the initiating processes. 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Discuss the principal reasons why project management has become such a popular business tool in recent years. Business has changed in the past 20 or so years. Products are being produced more rapidly and with the introduction of globalization competition has become more abundant. There is a need to become more customer focused but at the same time quicker to market while still reducing cost. Doing business the old way isRead MoreStrategic Design At Dynacorp Corporation1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe challenges, a series of investigations were carried out among not only the employees but also the company competitors. After the thorough inquiries,the serious shortcomings of the organisation structure have been identified. Dynacorp adapted functional structure since it was established. The company has three divisions which are engineering, manufacturing and marketing. The precondition of the company’s development is that each division work closely with one another. Whereas one of serious problemsRead MoreCase Study : Project Human Resources1447 Words   |  6 Pages3 – Project Human Resources: Establishment of different types of organisations is very important to avoid several potential conflicts related with project (Burke, 2013). 3.1 – Appropriate Project Organisational Structure and Participants’ Responsibilities: According to Edwards, P. Bowen, P. (2013) there are different types of project organisational structures which establish different relations between different stakeholders. Following are the best known types of project organisational structure:Read More Organizational Structures Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagespoint of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination. In respects to project management there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities and differences between them. Functional Structure In a functional arrangement, power or status is defined by a vertical hierarchy. This structure clearly defines theRead MoreOrganizational Structures820 Words   |  4 Pagespoint of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and coordination. In respects to project management there are three primary organizational break downs they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into each of these structures to better identify the similarities and differences between them. Functional Structure In a functional arrangement, power or status is defined by a vertical hierarchy. This structure clearly defines the

“Immigrant” becomes dirtiest word as Americans are told to speak English Free Essays

A recent article from the Independent Newspaper’s correspondent in New York brings to our attention â€Å"the current mood of xenophobia† in the USA. After approximately two centuries of welcoming immigrants from around the world, it would seem that the Americans have begun to mistrust and to some extent, even fear the very people that have historically given them such a dynamic and diverse country, namely, foreign immigrants. There are several reasons for this recent shift in perspective, two of which are, recent terrorist attacks on American servicemen in Saudi Arabia and an explosion on an American airline flight, that foreign terrorists caused some people suspect. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Immigrant† becomes dirtiest word as Americans are told to speak English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Historian, Arthur Schlesinger has spoken on â€Å"the tribalization of American life† and appears to be suggesting that the different ethnic groups in America are arranging themselves into their own groups and not crossing ethnic boundaries. One symptom of this seems to be the gang culture that exists, where each gang is alleged to be made up from members of the same ethnic group. A key factor in this is language, generally people who only speak one language find it difficult to mix with other ethnic groups or cultures, or indeed find it difficult to understand other cultures viewpoint. As a result of all of these difficulties, the government has introduced a bill called â€Å"The English Language Empowerment Act† the main purpose of which is to make English the official language of America. It is perceived by Republicans, that this Act will encourage immigrants to learn English, as it will be difficult, if not impossible for them to understand federal documents that are written in English. The Act has already been criticised for infringing on American’s right to free speech and making it difficult for non-English speaking Americans to receive or even understand information or ideas. It is a safe assumption to make, that if people can’t speak English, then they will be unable to understand written English. This argument would seem to carry a significant amount of weight. People have put forward the argument that this Act is connected with attitudes towards Immigrants. This argument seems to be borne out by the fact that there is nothing in the Act that will help to actually teach people how to speak or read English, rather it seems to punish those who can’t by denying them access to written information. It has also been pointed out by opponents to the Act, that ninety seven percent of Americans speak English already and a very small proportion of government documents (around one percent,) are actually written in a foreign language. Some people looking at these statistics, would argue that there is no need for this Act, unless it were to force people into becoming â€Å"more American† and punishing those who preferred to stick to their own language and culture. This argument seems to be borne out further by another piece of Republican proposed legislation, the welfare reform Bill. One provision of this Bill would be that, immigrants who are in America quite legally, but are not yet citizens, would not be eligible for state welfare benefits, yet another form of â€Å"immigrant bashing† some might say. Hot button as mentioned in the article; a controversial thing of the moment, it is a happening now situation. Enduring canard, a lasting ongoing issue, to accept with a certain amount of tolerance regarding political correctness, in this case a probability that it has come about in the course of sensationalism and cock-and-bull story of this report in America’s newspapers. Polyglot America Speaking, reading and writing many different languages, in this case America. How to cite â€Å"Immigrant† becomes dirtiest word as Americans are told to speak English, Papers

Analysis of Singapore Airlines Ltd - Click to Get Solution

Question: Write an essay on "Singapore Airlines Ltd". Answer: Introduction This assignment mostly represented on critiquing the structure for the financial performance of the Singapore Airlines Ltd, analytical and translation issues. This company offers tailor-made and integrating solutions which provide the business classes or the service classes. This paper shows the financial performance, human resource management and the strategic administration of the Singapore Airlines Ltd. Singapore Airlines that began as the Malayan Airlines in a joint ventured between the governments of the Singapore and the Malaysia (Aydin and Morefield, 2010). Moreover, these two governments are ready to agree to establish two several airlines. The Singapore Airlines Ltd fleet continued to arise remarkable and the excellent ways. Singapore Airlines were the fastest airline globally managing an international commercial flight over the Pacific Ocean. The organization was involving world famous chefs, to improve the flight meals and the culinary panels that are international. Over, a last 20 years Singapore Airlines Limited need to earn a great reputation since a ground-breaking the leader of the market and also provides excellent services to the customers (Baxter, 2010). The primary attention and the care which Singapore Airlines provides to the clients and also mentioned by the Singapore have provided the airline to claim various types of reward. Main Body Strengths and weakness of the Singapore Airlines Ltd Strength The useful strategy mostly used by Singapore Airlines Ltd for the branding was very helpful. The key word is the trust of the passengers. The strategy already proved the quality and the service of the Singapore Airlines Limited the impression which comes to the passengers mind. The branding has been well known already in the mind that provides a good impression of Singapore Airlines Ltd (Chell, 2015). Experience is one of the strengths of Singapore Airlines Ltd because it was known as widely in the services. They also have good management experience and the managers over the service crews (AB311 strategic management, 2011). According to the intense experience that they need to come up with newly concepts to satisfy the customers and give passengers the best services to them. Singapore Airlines Ltd has already received the various types of reward for the customer service. The reputation and image of Singapore Airlines Ltd have represented huge consequences on public around globally an d not in Singapore. The services in front of the customers encouraged them to fly with Singapore Airlines Ltd again. Singapore Airlines Ltd was very fast to fly and also to take in the new fleets that make the customers having flying urge on the new flights. Weakness The costs of Singapore Airlines Ltd tickets are too expensive. But the not more than cloud afford the high rate or the costs since they are to travel with a family. Most of the customers need to pay for a low price and never fly with Singapore Airlines Limited in spite of the low level of the service as because to save the cost. Moreover, the customers are unless traveling alone or also traveling to longer routes (Corrigendum, 2015). That they are needed to pay sufficient amount of money for better services and comfort. However, there present a new procedure; Singapore Airlines Ltd has to spend the highest amount of money to train their staffs or the employee and also to purchase the machines. This will need to restrict them to give out the promotions at a cheap rate (Dodds and Hunt, 2012). Conversely, they need to able to attract the customers and also the regular passengers to continue to fly. Financial Performance of Singapore Airlines Limited Profitability 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Net Margin % 9.3 14.69 12.83 6.64 1.7 7.52 2.26 2.51 2.36 2.36 Return on Assets % 5.49 8.63 7.81 4.14 0.91 4.64 1.44 1.7 1.6 1.58 Financial Leverage (Average) 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.67 1.73 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.92 Return on Equity % 9.58 14.9 13.56 7.31 1.58 7.89 2.48 2.91 2.73 2.86 Return on Invested Capital % 9.58 14.9 12.26 6.44 1.53 7.41 2.45 2.57 2.32 2.63 Interest Coverage 14.36 5.14 21.24 7.03 12.29 9.93 The net margin of the company has decreased over the period, return on equity and investment has decreased. Liquidity/Financial Health 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Current Ratio 1.23 1.57 1.4 1.16 1.45 1.57 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.1 Quick Ratio 0.99 1.34 1.28 1.01 1.33 1.48 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.04 Financial Leverage 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.78 1.67 1.73 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.92 Debt/Equity 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07 The current ratio is above which means that the obligations can be paid by the company. The debt equity and financial leverage is also low. Key Ratios - Efficiency Ratios Efficiency 2006-03 2007-03 2008-03 2009-03 2010-03 2011-03 2012-03 2013-03 2014-03 2015-03 Days Sales Outstanding 41.27 45.47 45.69 40.27 40.69 34.55 33.86 35.46 37.03 35.19 Days Inventory 23.98 19.5 22.79 18.54 13.36 10.88 9.61 8.64 Payables Period 148 134.05 148.61 121.4 110.39 113.93 114.61 114.25 Cash Conversion Cycle -78.34 -74.28 -85.13 -68.31 -63.16 -67.6 -67.97 -70.41 Receivables Turnover 8.84 8.03 7.99 9.06 8.97 10.56 10.78 10.29 9.86 10.37 Inventory Turnover 15.22 18.72 16.02 19.69 27.32 33.56 38 42.25 Fixed Assets Turnover 0.87 0.91 0.97 0.99 0.82 1 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.17 Asset Turnover 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.54 0.62 0.64 0.68 0.68 0.67 The asset turnover and fixed asset turnover has increased which means that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently. The cash conversion is zero which means that the company is not efficient in converting its assets into cash. HRM of Singapore Airlines Limited Human resource management (HRM) is a management process by which an organization can acquire developing people, attracting people and appointing a right person in the company who can provide the company a quality workforce (Wernersson, 2015). The Human Resource Management process of Singapore Airlines Limited consists of various steps such as recruitment, selection, training and remuneration. These management processes of the Human Resource Department are very important for Singapore Airlines Limited. It reduces the rate of turnover and absenteeism. It also motivates the people in better ways. By the help of the Human Resource Management process, the Singapore Airlines Limited can develop and improve their performance and increase their productivity (Escobari, 2012). Singapore Airlines Limited is a significant example of good Human Resource Management (HRM). By the help of good Human Resource Management, the Singapore Airlines Limited Company has the aim to deliver steady and reliabl e service excellence, by marking out the HR practices which help the company to fulfill their goal. Recruiting is the first step of Human Resource Management (HRM) which is necessary to perform. Recruiting is human resource management process which is utilized for developing a large pool of qualified applicants those who are applied for jobs. For building up the pool of qualified applicants the Human Resource Management (HRM) department has to do and go through the following process such as job description, job analysis, and job specifications (Eskola, 2008). The HRM of Singapore Airlines Limited must have a clear idea about the people who are appropriate for that particular position of that vacant job. At the time of recruiting cabin crew in Singapore Airlines Limited, they have a requirement of age that should be minimum 18 years old, and they must be a citizen of Singapore (Sujatna, 2013). The female should have at least a height of 1.58m, and the male should have at least a heig ht of 1.65m. At the time of making job description of any job then they required mentioning the basic tasks, responsibilities and duties which are necessary for that particular employee. After the pool has been building up, the Human Resource Management starts to select a candidate from that particular (Fraud Risk Management, 2015). After recruitment, the selection process has been done. Selection is a process which is utilized for finding the appropriate or suitable candidate who can perform the particular job in better ways. When the selected candidates fulfill all the requirements, then the Singapore Airlines Limited will call them for an interview (Rumelt, 2011). The candidates who can crack the interview should pass on to the next stage that training. Strategic Management Singapore Airlines is provided as a premium carrier with the high class of excellent and innovations of service and it also made a strategic choice to give profitability to priority over the size (Mot de remerciements, 2013). This paper represents a continuous individual expansion and rigorous the service design which is the main asset of this issue is sustaining the positioning and the strategic management. Management Practices Singapore Airlines is the setter of a trend in the airline industry. The Singapore Airlines Limited incorporates various innovative strategies from the beginning (Pearson and Merkert, 2014). By the help of these strategies, the Singapore Airlines strengthen their company and support them for achieving success. For holding a successful position in the airline industry they should incorporate superior quality, efficiency, customer responsiveness and innovation of new strategies (Perry, 2008). Conclusion Singapore Airlines Ltd focused on the financial performance, human resource management and the strategic management of this company and the company became successful (Plant Disease Management Reports, 2011). At the corporate standard, Singapore Airlines Ltd maintains a strategy of related to the diversification. References AB311 strategic management. (2011). Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia. Aydin, R. and Morefield, R. (2010). Hub-And-Spoke Airlines Versus Low-Cost Airlines And Price Discrimination.Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 8(5). Baxter, J. (2010).Airlines. Teddington, Richmond Upon Thames [England]: Key Note Ltd. Chell, E. (2015). Book review.Management Learning. Corrigendum. (2015).Journal of Management. Dodds, W. and Hunt, K. (2012). Legend Airlines: American Airlines Worst Nightmare?.Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS), 8(2), p.135. Escobari, D. (2012). Asymmetric Price Adjustments in Airlines.Managerial and Decision Economics, 34(2), pp.74-85. Eskola, S. (2008).Crisis management in crisis?. Helsinki: National Defence University. Fraud Risk Management. (2015).Journal of Business Management Economics. Mot de remerciements. (2013).Management international, 17, p.iv. Pearson, J. and Merkert, R. (2014). Airlines-within-airlines: A business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management, 38, pp.21-26. Perry, T. (2008). Spectral lines: Airlines: got fuel?.IEEE Spectr., 45(8), pp.9-9. Plant Disease Management Reports. (2011).Plant Disease Management Reports. Rumelt, R. (2011).Good strategy, bad strategy. New York: Crown Business. Sujatna, E. (2013). Mood System and Transitivity of the Airlines Slogan A Comparison of National and Regional Airlines.International Journal of English Linguistics, 3(3). Wernersson, L. (2015). Narrow gap nanowires: From nanotechnology to RF-circuits on Si.J. Appl. Phys., 117(11), p.112810. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2011).Advances in management accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Fess, P. (2005).Financial managerial accounting. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

Strategic Spatial Planning Evaluation

Introduction Overview The proposed study is about establishing new spatial plans for urban areas. Establishing new urban territories is important as they affect the living environments of various stakeholders. Often, the planning team, which undertakes the re-structuring of a city, cannot interact with all stakeholders (people and organizations) in order to assess and incorporate their diverse interests in the planning process (Healey, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Spatial Planning Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to develop plans that best meet the needs of all stakeholders, the project planners must involve and interact with stakeholders throughout the project planning process. The aim is to develop plans that reflect their interests and values, which may influence project performance. In the U.S. and many European countries such as the Netherlands, interactive planni ng is highly embraced in the initial stages of spatial planning (Tewdwr-Jones, 2003). It is believed that more interaction during the strategic planning process yields a high performance product. However, this assumption is not based on substantial empirical evidence as research on this area is scanty. Therefore, the impact of stakeholder interaction on product performance is less understood. The proposed research is an exploratory study that will investigate the relationships between stakeholder involvement during strategic spatial planning and performance of industrial area developments. It will explore the nature of the interactions between the planning team and various stakeholders. The study will be guided by the following research question: How does stakeholder (people and organizations) involvement during industrial areas planning influence the effectiveness of strategic spatial planning process? Statement of the Problem Strategic planning generally entails the identification of future actions in a regional or local urban area. A strategic plan takes into account the current and future conditions, which are based on predictions. Spatial planning structures should be flexible and long-term, and reflective of the changing environment as such structures consume high resources (Sartorio, 2005). Moreover, strategic spatial structures aim at improving the quality of life of the people. Thus, a strategic plan for urban development is essential for regional or local governments. As spatial development is influenced by many factors, it raises the question whether nowadays’ planning decisions are right based on the conditions of future spatial development. Regional and local development areas are increasingly becoming globalized and individuals now have more freedom of action. Moreover, there is little empirical evidence to support effective spatial planning. As a result, the effectiveness and appropriateness of spatial planning seem largely uncertain. One way of achieving effective spatial planning is through stakeholder involvement during the planning process. Objective prognosis of the future can be achieved when various institutional and social players are involved. Moreover, through stakeholder engagement, various scenarios can be analyzed, which could help make the future more certain.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Purpose The purpose of this project is to assess the impact of stakeholder involvement during spatial planning on product performance. This will form a sound basis for strategic spatial development in urban areas. To achieve this purpose, the study will examine different scenarios of stakeholder interaction and assess the degree to which the objectives of the projects were achieved. Strategic spatial planning is one way of improving urban planning and organization, and protecting existing ecosystems. How ever, there are claims of insufficient empirical evidence to support spatial planning objectives. It is anticipated that this project will provide empirical data that will inform stakeholders and policy makers on urban planning. Research Questions The main research question for this study is: Does stakeholder (people and organizations) involvement during industrial areas planning influence product performance? To answer this question, five minor research questions, which are related to the main research question, will be used. The supporting research questions include: What constitutes interactive planning in the urban planning process? What are the elements of an effective spatial planning process? How is the effectiveness and appropriateness of spatial planning measured? Does stakeholder interaction during spatial planning process influence product performance? Does an in-depth analysis of scenarios enhance the effectiveness of spatial planning? Based on the answers to these que stions, it will be possible to identify the factors that contribute to the effective spatial planning. It will also be possible to determine whether stakeholder involvement in project planning leads to improved performance. Significance of the Study The proposed research will investigate the effect of stakeholder interaction on the effectiveness of a spatial plan. It is anticipated that the study’s findings will have a positive impact on the policies and land use legislations of regional and national governments. The UN postulates that in the next three decades, much of the world’s population will be living in the cities (Clinton, Bottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormTop of FormC2001). The rapid population growth in urban areas is placing immense pressure on available facilities and resources leading to a rise in urban poverty. This has become a big challenge to urban planners due to poor spatial planning policies. Empirical evidence su ggests that proper urban planning policies are essential for creating effective urban states, promoting development and attaining MDGs (Sartorio, 2005). However, a framework for incorporating the views of the diverse stakeholders (people, social agencies and political players) is largely lacking in many countries. This study aims to identify the factors that influence spatial planning and to provide a framework for stakeholder interaction during the planning process.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Strategic Spatial Planning Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conceptual Framework From the literature review, spatial planning is an important tool for coping with the challenges of urban planning. Stakeholders (people and organizations) can be involved in the planning, evaluation and implementation phases of the urban spatial planning process. In the planning phase, the stakeholders would play a role in setting objectives and activities of the plans. During the evaluation and implementation phases, the stakeholders will participate in the choice of spatial plan options that best suit their interests. The conceptual framework is shown in figure 1 below. Summary of Methodology The proposed study is an exploratory research that examines the relationship between stakeholder engagement during spatial planning and product performance. Using a case study approach, the study will explore this relationship through an in-depth analysis of urban developments in the U.S. The case study approach will allow the researcher to assess the extent to which stakeholder interaction affect the performance of urban developments. This approach will give insights into the connection between interaction during planning and performance. It will yield in-depth knowledge on the impact of interaction on spatial planning. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Limitations of the Study This research will measure the per formance of spatial planning based on the level of stakeholder engagement in the planning process. This approach may differ from the other approaches adopted in similar studies since there is no standard methodology for measuring performance.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the findings may not entirely represent the dynamic relationships between performance and stakeholder involvement. Another potential limitation of this research relates to context. Often, the effectiveness of spatial planning depends on environmental factors that are specific to a particular site or case. Thus, context variable may limit the external validity of this study. Definition of Terms Strategy– Is defined as â€Å"the pattern or plan that integrates an organization’s major goals, policies and action sequences into a cohesive whole† (Clinton, Bottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormTop of FormC2001, p. 8). Stakeholders– â€Å"Are those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist† (Callies, 2009, p. 91). Spatial planning– Is a modern approach for urban planning, which is regulated by regional and national governments of countries. Stakeholder interaction– refers to the degree of participation and influence of different stakeholders during the spatial planning process (Wilkinson et al., 2013). Research Design and Methodology Methodology The study is an exploratory study that aims to provide in-depth knowledge and analyses regarding the effectiveness of spatial planning in the United States. It uses the case study methodology to explore the relationships between stakeholder engagement and the effectiveness of a spatial plan. This approach is appropriate because it will satisfy contextual conditions associated with spatial planning studies. Faludi (2000) states that a case study approach is applicable in studies with the â€Å"how† or â€Å"why† research questions and involve events beyond the researcher’s control. Since the proposed study will involve cases in the U.S., experimental approaches may not be applicable as these exclude contextual issues. Therefore, in this research, multiple cases (5 research units) will be investig ated to generate in-depth knowledge regarding the relationship between effectiveness (spatial planning) and interaction (stakeholder). Thus, a representative sample of cases will be selected for this study. The researcher opted for a multiple case study instead of a single case study because of two reasons. First, multiple case studies can be generalized to similar settings or contexts (March, 2010). They argue that enhanced external validity does not mean more cases. Rather, adequate sampling that includes cases that are diverse can increase the external validity of a study’s findings. The second reason is to reduce researcher bias that may arise when the researcher selects a non-representative case for investigation. Multiple case studies also facilitate the comparison of similarities and differences among different cases, which helps strengthen the theoretical knowledge. Research Questions and Hypothesis As aforementioned, the main research question of this research is: Do es stakeholder (people and organizations) involvement during industrial areas planning influence product/process performance? Deriving from the main question are the minor research questions, which include: What constitutes interactive planning in the urban planning process? What are the elements of an effective spatial planning process? How is the effectiveness and appropriateness of spatial planning measured? Does stakeholder interaction during spatial planning process influence product performance? Do in-depth analyses of scenarios enhance the effectiveness of spatial planning? The study will test the null hypothesis that stakeholder involvement has no impact on the performance of urban industrial areas. The findings of the study will shape the hypothesis for the study. Research Procedures The criteria for conducting a case study research involve standard procedures for data collection and analysis. This research will adopt the case study approach to explore the relationship be tween interaction and performance/effectiveness of spatial plans. The criteria consist of several steps, which will be described in the subsequent sections. Step 1: Defining the Research Questions In the first step, the main research question is stated in general terms. This facilitates systematic data collection. In this research, the main research question and minor questions have been defined. Based on the data the minor research questions will generate, it will be possible to identify the relationship between interactions during the spatial planning process (question 1) and the performance of spatial plans (question 4). Step 2: Inclusion Criteria Identifying the relevant cases to include in the study sample is the second step. As stated above, the study will involve five cases (research units), which will be strategically selected to enhance internal and external validity of the study’s findings. Five industrial areas will be selected from the U.S. based on the following inclusion criteria. First, since the study focuses on the impact of interaction on spatial plans’ performance, the contextual conditions have to be the same. Thus, only cases in the U.S. will be selected. Second, only cases currently in the plan-making stage of spatial planning will be selected. At this stage, the zoning plan is being formulated, which implies that the level of stakeholder interaction is comparatively high. Thus, cases at this stage will have different levels of stakeholder involvement. Step 3: Developing Data Collection Instruments and procedures This step focuses on the data collection instruments and procedures. One advantage of using a case study approach is that it allows for triangulation of methods. Triangulation is a research technique that generates a single outcome based on multiple sources of data (March, 2010). Thus, multiple case studies enhance the accuracy of the research findings since they involve multiple sources of information. The proposed research will use two data collection methods: (1) interviews (semi-structured) and; (2) analysis of secondary sources/documents. The interviews will involve semi-structured questions, which include both open-ended and specific/closed questions. The open-ended questions will probe the participant’s responses to the specific questions. Various stakeholders will be interviewed in a two-part interview, three months apart. Besides interviews, documents will be used as sources of data. Examples of documents that will be analyzed include zoning plans (drafts), newsletters and project plans. The researcher will also analyze the information provided in the municipalities’ websites and other city council databases. The researcher will use the data collected from these sources to describe the spatial characteristics and the effect of interaction on the performance of U.S. urban industrial areas. Step 4: Field Data Collection Albrechts (2004) states that, when analyzing spatial plans, the processes of data collection and data analysis should occur simultaneously. In this step, the researcher will collect data (respondents’ answers) during the interviews. Emerging issues or questions in the first interview will be probed further in the second interview. The data collected will be presented in tables to illustrate the underlying relationships. Step 5: Data Analysis In this step, data analysis for each case will take place. In this study, the five cases will be analyzed individually to determine if and whether there is a relationship between interaction and performance. The spatial characteristics of each case will be outlined based on the data obtained from zoning plans and project plans. Data analysis will also encompass the description of the main stakeholders for each case as well as their level of interaction. The findings from the first and second analysis will be further analyzed to determine the correlation between performance and interaction ( Mastop Faludi, 1997). The stakeholders participate in the spatial planning process and thus, are well-positioned to assess the process. The analysis will rely on the data collected from the stakeholders through the interviews. The interpretation of the findings will indicate the dynamic and static relationships between the two variables (performance and planning). Step 6: Cross-case Analysis After analyzing each case individually, the researcher will compare the different cases to identify the underlying relationships. In this step, the analysis will focus on the nature of the relationship (dynamic or static) between stakeholder participation and performance, the contextual factors in each case and the specific strategic planning factors in each case. Step 7: Hypothesis Testing Based on the findings of within-case and cross-case analyses, the hypothesis proposed above will be tested. These analyses will reveal the patterns and relationships between the variables (interaction and pe rformance). The emergent concepts and themes will be compared with literature to identify similarities or departures from similar studies. This will also contribute to the growth of knowledge on this topic. References Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(1), 743-758. Callies, D. (2009). Casenote legal briefs: Keyed to courses using Callies, Freilich, and Roberts’s land use. New York: Aspen Publishers. Clinton, H. (Bottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormBottom of FormTop of FormC2001). Integrating geology in urban planning: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Viet Nam. New York: United Nations. Faludi, A. (2000). The performance of spatial planning, Planning Practice Research, 15(4), 299-318. Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative planning in perspective. Planning Theory, 2(2), 101-123 . March, A. (2010). Practising theory: When theory affects urban planning. Planning Theory, 9(2), 108-125. Mastop, H., Faludi, A. (1997). Evaluation of strategic plans: The performance principle. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 24(1), 815–832. Sartorio, S. (2005). Strategic spatial planning. DisP, 163(3), 26-40. Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2003). Creating and shaping places with purpose, vision and pride. International Planning Studies, 8(1), 3-8. Wilkinson, C., Saarne, D., Peterson, G., Colding, J. (2013). Strategic spatial planning and the ecosystem services concept -An historical exploration. Ecology and Society, 18(1), 37-38. This proposal on Strategic Spatial Planning Evaluation was written and submitted by user Charlie Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Battle of Cape Esperance at Guadalcanal

Battle of Cape Esperance at Guadalcanal The Battle of Cape Esperance took place the night of October 11/12, 1942. It was part of the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. Background In early August 1942, Allied forces landed on Guadalcanal and succeeded in capturing an airfield that the Japanese were building. Dubbed Henderson Field, Allied aircraft operating from the Guadalcanal soon dominated the sea lanes around the island during daylight hours. As a result, the Japanese were forced to deliver reinforcements to the island at night using destroyers rather than larger, slower troop transports. Dubbed the Tokyo Express by the Allies, Japanese warships would depart bases in the Shortland Islands and make the run to Guadalcanal and back in a single night. In early October, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa planned a major reinforcement convoy for Guadalcanal. Led by Rear Admiral Takatsugu Jojima, the force consisted of six destroyers and two seaplane tenders. In addition, Mikawa ordered Rear Admiral Aritomo Goto to lead a force of three cruisers and two destroyers with orders to shell Henderson Field while Jojimas ships delivered their troops. Departing the Shortlands early on October 11, both forces proceeded down The Slot towards Guadalcanal. While the Japanese were planning their operations, the Allies made plans to reinforce the island as well. Moving to Contact Departing New Caledonia on October 8, ships carrying the US 164th Infantry moved north towards Guadalcanal. To screen this convoy, Vice Admiral Robert Ghormley assigned Task Force 64, commanded by Rear Admiral Norman Hall, to operate near the island. Consisting of the cruisers USS San Francisco, USS Boise, USS Helena, and USS Salt Lake City, TF64 also included the destroyers USS Farenholt, USS Duncan, USS Buchanan, USS McCalla, and USS Laffey. Initially taking station off Rennell Island, Hall moved north on the 11th after receiving reports that Japanese ships had been sited in The Slot. With the fleets in motion, Japanese aircraft attacked Henderson Field during the day, with the goal of preventing Allied aircraft from locating and attacking Jojimas ships. As he moved north, Hall, aware that the Americans had faired badly in previous night battles with the Japanese, crafted a simple battle plan. Ordering his ships to form a column with destroyers at the head and rear, he instructed them to illuminate any targets with their searchlights so that the cruisers could fire accurately. Hall also informed his captains that they were open fire when the enemy was sited rather than waiting for orders. Battle Joined Approaching Cape Hunter on the northwest corner of Guadalcanal, Hall, flying his flag from San Francisco, ordered his cruisers to launch their floatplanes at 10:00 PM. An hour later, San Franciscos floatplane sighted Jojimas force off of Guadalcanal. Expecting more Japanese ships to be sighted, Hall maintained his course northeast, passing to the west of Savo Island. Reversing course at 11:30, some confusion led to the three lead destroyers (Farenholt, Duncan, and Laffey) being out of position. About this time, Gotos ships began appearing on the American radars. Initially believing these contacts to be the out of position destroyers, Hall took no action. As Farenholt and Laffey accelerated to reassume their proper positions, Duncan moved to attack the approaching Japanese ships. At 11:45, Gotos ships were visible to the American lookouts and Helena radioed asking permission to open fire using the general procedure request, Interrogatory Roger (meaning are we clear to act). Hall responded in the affirmative, and his surprise the entire American line opened fire. Aboard his flagship, Aoba, Goto was taken by complete surprise. Over the next few minutes, Aoba was hit more than 40 times by Helena, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Farenholt, and Laffey. Burning, with many of its guns out of action and Goto dead, Aoba turned to disengage. At 11:47, concerned that he was firing on his own ships, Hall ordered a cease-fire and asked his destroyers to confirm their positions. This done, the American ships resumed firing at 11:51 and pummeled the cruiser Furutaka. Burning from a hit to its torpedo tubes, Furutaka lost power after taking a torpedo from Buchanan. While the cruiser was burning, the Americans shifted their fire to the destroyer Fubuki sinking it. As the battle raged, the cruiser Kinugasa and destroyer Hatsuyuki turned away and missed the brunt of the American attack. Pursuing the fleeing Japanese ships, Boise was nearly hit by torpedoes from Kinugasa at 12:06 AM. Turning on their searchlights to illuminate the Japanese cruiser, Boise and Salt Lake City immediately took fire, with the former taking a hit to its magazine. At 12:20, with the Japanese retreating and his ships disorganized, Hall broke off the action. Later that night, Furutaka sank as a result of battle damage, and Duncan was lost to raging fires. Learning of the bombardment forces crisis, Jojima detached four destroyers to its aid after disembarking his troops. The next day, two of these, Murakumo and Shirayuki, were sunk by aircraft from Henderson Field. Aftermath The Battle of Cape Esperance cost Hall the destroyer Duncan and 163 killed. In addition, Boise and Farenholt were badly damaged. For the Japanese, losses included a cruiser and three destroyers, as well as 341–454 killed. Also, Aoba was badly damaged and out of action until February 1943. The Battle of Cape Esperance was the first Allied triumph over the Japanese in a night battle. A tactical victory for Hall, the engagement had little strategic significance as Jojima was able to deliver his troops. In assessing the battle, many of the American officers felt that chance had played a key role in allowing them to surprise the Japanese. This luck would not hold, and Allied naval forces were badly defeated on November 20, 1942, at the nearby Battle of Tassafaronga. Selected Sources US Naval Historical Center: Battle of Cape EsperanceOrder of Battle: Battle of Cape Esperance

Ethical architecture Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical architecture - Literature review Example Thomas Fisher, a professor in College of Design at USA mentions in his book ‘Architectural Design and Ethics’ that this concept offers a theoretical foundation including suggestions to the students of architecture as well as those related to this field as professionals. The concept of ethical architecture demonstrates ideas that make us rethink all those responsibilities that will further assist in designing more sustainable plans for ourselves. Fisher further clarifies the fact that today’s human being is living in a dynamic world where several exponential curves related growth can be seen like the diversion in global population, the gap between rich and poor, the growing demand of limited resources etc. So, keeping in mind all those realities, Fisher, put forward a hypothesis related to architecture and ethics and further explores that buildings can also do a great deal of work and can give moral and social dimensions. He also demonstrates the ideas through whic h architects can make more appealing buildings and will definitely nurture sustainability in the field of architecture development. Architecture and Ethics While representing the idea of architecture and ethics, Graham Owen depicts that ethics play a great role in architectural schools. Ethics are basically, related with the relations among architects, the clients as well as the society. These relations are formally codified and formulated by the governing organizations. However, it is a fact that, most often, less attention is paid to this corner. Usually it is overlooked how various ethics between architects and society can be generated and altered efficiently. Graham Owen further mentions the idea that ethical concerns in architecture sometimes become more controversial and crucial because of the religious beliefs. He mentions the quote of a famous architect, Elizabeth Schmidt who said that, â€Å"While of course everyone believes in good ethics, the problem with it as a pedagog ical principle is that it smacks of nineteenth- century moralism and therefore of religiously based instruction, I firmly believe in the separation of church and state.† (Owen, 2009. Pp: 3) From the above mentioned concept of Schmidt, it can be judged that to understand and learn ethics in the school of architecture is just to incorporate particular interpretations of ethics. Whereas an alternate approach defines ethics as the language of values and morals. Ethics do not relate with someone’s particular morals. However, later approaches shoe that ethics can better hold up professionalism and advancement in any particular field which might be education and architecture. In urban dwelling, especially schools of designs, designing and building complexities are basically focused along with the ethics of creative and technological progress. Ethical Function of Architecture: In addition to previous concepts, Karsten Harries further mentioned that architecture always performs an ethical function or have moral approach. For example a functional building with beautiful and appealing architecture will obviously render a beautiful impact and image in the mind of observers. So, this will depict the power of beauty as well. A building with rich architecture and ethical consideration will definitely leave long lasting image in the minds of observers. When we talk about the evolution of human being, we can see that human were first emerged as wild beasts with long bears, hair on their bodies, in woods living in cages and live along with fire. Later on time got changed and went on and on. People started changing their life style and became more and more civilized. They started learning various arts and ethics to pass better life. And these arts jointly give rise to ethical considerations and evolution of cities and cultures. Harries further elaborated several examples to clarify that buildings offer functional approach and provide a complete way to life to human as well as animals. Dwellings not only serve but

Sustainable Information and Corporate Governance Essay

Sustainable Information and Corporate Governance - Essay Example The report will therefore try to uncover the risks and ethical issues associated with social networking. Based on the findings a conclusion will be drawn and recommendation for the governance strategy will be also provided. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 University of Bolton: A Synopsis 5 Social Networking: A Brief Overview 5 Advantages of Social Networks 6 Discussion: Sustainable Governance in Development and Evaluation of Information Strategies 8 Social Network: Sustainable Information Impact 9 Social Network: Corporate Governance impact 9 Social Network: Risk Associated 11 Social Network: Ethical Issues 12 Social Network: Compliance Issues 13 Conclusion 14 Recommendations for Governance Strategy 15 References 18 Introduction Alongside liberalization of business and broad distribution of communication & information technology, the economic activities have expanded beyond the national boundaries. This has led us to the concept of globalization, which facilitate d delivery of products from different parts of the world. Although, the economy of the world has been highly benefitted by globalization, but the environment has been impacted to a large extent due to increased manufacturing activities. However with the passage of time, human being understood the importance of preserving environment (Bleischwitz, 2007, p.8). Also the need of management or supervision was felt, in order to foster sustainability. This had in turn led to the concept of sustainable governance. With increasing awareness of green environment, the importance of sustainability nowadays does not remain curtailed only to the business venture. Universities and schools around the world are now focusing on the issue of sustainability. Hence through this project, evaluation of sustainable information and corporate governance impact on a university of UK will be done. In addition, this report also proposes to develop an information governance strategy in order to encourage growth and implementation of technology within the product and service portfolio of the organization. Now for the purpose of this study, the establishment chosen is University of Bolton and the technology chosen for implementation is social networks. A brief introduction of both university and technology is provided below. University of Bolton: A Synopsis The history of university of Bolton dates back to 1982, when it used to be known as Bolton Institute of Higher Education. In the year 2004 it was granted the university status and from then onwards the name changed to University of Bolton. Presently, the university has it’s headquarter at Greater Manchester, England. As of 2012, the university has 14,000 enrolments among all the discipline offered by the university. It embraces around 700 staff (including admin and professional staff). Apart from its presence in the markets of UK, the company also operates in some other parts of the world. For example the university has establishme nts in the United Arab Emirates (Bolton, n.d.). Also university of Bolton has tie ups with the overseas academic foundations in countries such as Singapore, China, Malaysia, Greece and Germany among others. The university believes in having diversity within the students. This is the reason why we find around 13 % of the students belongs to ethnic group and 8

History of Chinese Traditional Clothing: Green Design

History of Chinese Traditional Clothing: Green Design China is a multi-ethnic country that had approximately 5000 years history. Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000 years ago. According to the findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts by the archaeologists. They found the bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, China has experienced many dynasties from first Xia Dynasty (BC 2100) to the last Qin dynasty (AD 1911), the generations of clothing designers created different style of garments. The meaning of garments from cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles. However, with the development of the social and economic, at the same time of pay more attention on the styles and effect of the garments, the fashion designers ignored the materials what they have used whether it is good or bad for our environment. That is Green design which was the popular points of view in recent years. The purpose of my research is to appeal more and more Chinese fashion designers begin to focus on the green design throughout the long history of Chinese traditional clothing. Part 1: The history of Chinese traditional clothing The symbol of colors during the Chinese history During the approximately 5000 years of Chinese history, color had it own particular meanings. Stringent rules are made for the color of ancient dress and adornment. Yellow is the most valuable color as a symbol of center. It is reserved for royalty and emperor. Although each dynasty designates their own color in each official rank, clothing and objects that are yellow in color still resemble a higher social status. Yellow also is the main color of Buddhism, thus it represents being free from worldly cares. Red is used for happiness and joy such as births, weddings holidays and so on. In fact, after the Ming Dynasty, only the Emperors close relatives could have homes with red walls and yellow roof tiles. Peasants could only live in homes made with blue bricks and roof tiles. White is a symbol of the unknown and purity. It is white is the color of mourning, death, and ghosts. Therefore Chinese people will wear white during a funeral or while summoning ghosts. Whats more, green, red, wh ite and black symbolize the East, the South, the West and the North respectively. These four colors also associate with four specific seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In general, Green, red, black, white and yellow are pure colors applied by the emperors and officials. The common people could only apply the secondary colors. Darker colors were favored over lighter ones in traditional Chinese clothing, so the main color of ceremonial clothing tended to be dark while bright, elaborate tapestry designs accented. The common people for everyday and around the house use wore lighter colored clothing more frequently. (Amaranthine, 2007) Clothing styles and the usage of fabrics in different dynasty According to the Chinese long history, each dynasty in China had its own memorable culture and style of garments. The costumes of ancient China were emblems of Chinese tradition, as well as an essential element in the history and culture of each dynasty. Costume maintained an important role in Chinese culture for more than three thousand years. The culture of China is ancient and well established, brilliant and resplendent. The costumes are likewise magnificent and colorful. There were many dynasties throughout Chinas history, each having its own unique style of garments. And each style would change or disappear as its dynasty changed, declined, or was replaced. With the advent of each new dynasty and the progression of time, costumes were revolutionized. The style was classical and conservative in the Qin and Han dynasties, luxurious and glamorous in the Tang dynasty, delicate and exquisite in the Song dynasty, graceful and magnificent in the Ming dynasty, and very intricate in the Qing dynasty. Chinas complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). (Shenyi in Han Dynasty) The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period. Han dynasty also was the first time in history that China had contact with the West through the Silk Road. Shenyi or deep garments was most famous in Han dynasty. The shenyi is made up of the upper and lower garment, tailored and made in a unique way. It has to be long enough not to expose the skin, but short enough not to drag on the floor. The forepart is elongated into a large triangle; with the part above the waist in straight cut and tile part below the waist bias cut, for ease of movement. The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyi system. People worn in black would like to match purple silk adornments. It implied that silk started to be used in the garments. The unified and prosperous China was established in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-AD907). In Chinas history, the Tang Dynasty was a period when the polity and economy were highly developed and the culture and art were thriving. In general, the Tang womens dresses can be classified into three categories: the hufu, or alien dress that came from the Silk Road, the traditional ruqun or double layered or padded short jacket that was typical of central China, as well as the full set of male garments that broke the tradition of the Confucian formalities. The Tang women inherited this traditional style and developed it further, opening up the collar as far as exposing the cleavage between the breasts. This was unheard of and unimaginable in the previous dynasties. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty (AD1644-AD1911), long gowns featured collarless, narrow cuff in the shape of a horses hoof, buttons down the left front, four slits and a fitting waist. Wearers usually coiled up their cuff, and put it down when hunting or battling to cover the back of hand. In winter, the cuff could serve to prevent cold. The gown had four slits, with one on the left, right, front and back, which reached the knees. It was fitted to the body and rather warm. Fastened with a waistband, the long gown could hold solid food and utensils when people went out hunting. Mens long gowns were mostly blue, gray or green; and womens, white. Another feature of Manchu cheongsam was that people generally wore it plus a waistcoat that was either with buttons down the front, a twisted front, or a front in the shape of lute, etc. When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, the capital was moved to Beijing and cheongsam began to spread in the Central Plains. The Qing Dynasty unified China, and unified the nationwide costume as well. At that time, men wore a long gown and a mandarin jacket over the gown, while women wore cheongsam. Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with succeeding improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women. After the 1940s, influenced by new fashion home and abroad, Manchu mens cheongsam was phased out, while womens cheongsam became narrow-sleeved and fitted to the waist and had a relatively loose hip part, and its lower hem reached the ankles. Then there emerge various forms of cheongsams we see today that emphasize color decoration and set off the beauty of the female shape. Why cheongsam was more popular at that period of time? The main reason is that it fits well the fe males body, although it only shows the simple lines, it looks elegant and well fitted. The cheongsam can either be long or short, unlined or interlined, woolen or made of silk floss. Besides, with different materials, the cheongsam presents different styles. Cheongsams made of silk with patterns of floweret, plain lattices or thin lines demonstrate charm of femininity and staidness; those made of brocade are eye-catching and magnificent. The earliest known silk textiles excavated in China dated to about 3630 BCE. Fabrics made of silk consist of many types: Brocade, satin, silk fabric, etc. This variety of fabric is due to different kinds of weaving skill and silk fabrics. Some are lined, some are unbleached, some are heavy, and some are thin. Silk- knit goods is one of great Chinese products in the world. The weaving skills emerged in the primitive society. They can demonstrate the culture tradition of one nation. Except the different kinds of silk, cotton, flax, voile, jute and satin were commonly used in the garments as well. 5,000+ BC FLAX: Generally considered to be the oldest natural textile fiber. 3,000+ BC COTTON: Earliest use estimated between 3,000 BC to 5,000 BC. Worn by Egyptians earlier than 2,500 BC. Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized  the processing of cotton. The development of the power loom in 1884 brought significant  improvements and variations to cotton fabrics. Major producers: United States, Soviet States, Chinaand India. Lessor producers include Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico  Iran and Sudan. 3,000 BC WOOL: Used by people of the Late Stone Age, There are 40 different breeds of sheep, which produce  approximately 200 types of wool of varying grades. Major producers include: Australia, New Zealand, Soviet States, China, South Africa, and Argentina. 2,600 BC SILK: Believed discovered by a Chinese princess. Silk is made from two continuous filaments cemented together  and used to form the cocoon of the silkworm. Silk culture began about 1725 BC, sponsored by the wife of Chinas  emperor. Secrets of cultivation and fabric manufacturing were closely guarded  by the Chinese for about 3,000 years. There is a story that two monks smuggled seeds of the mulberry  tree and silkworm eggs out of China by hiding them in their walking  sticks. India learned of silk culture when a Chinese princess married an  Indian prince. Part 2: Green Design What is green design? Green design, also known as eco-design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Green design can be used for the microcosm and macrocosm in the scheme of daily living. Green design uses renewable resources. It reminds people about recycling to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as materials that can be recycled sustain it. It is beneficial to recycle material as it reduces the wastage of new resources. Green design can be also explained as design for the environment. Protecting our environment, and its present and future inhabitants, is the essential and important goal of sustainability. This large and complex field looks at our marketplace, at the way we grow, make and consume products, and strives to incorporate an awareness of the impact of our choices at every stage of the process. There is no one right way to be environmentally responsible, but there are a growing number of intelligent choices and best practices. The concept of sustainability combines concern for the well being of our planet with the needs of continued human development. The World Commission on Environment and Development defines it as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. When the design process is informed by this imperative, the central concern is to assess the consequences, both short and long-term, of any transformation of the environment. Design must also aim to eliminate waste, to use renewable energy, to reduce toxic emissions and to leave as light a footprint on the environment as possible. What is green fabrics? These fabrics, without any additional backings or chemical finishes, utilize post-consumer and post-industrial recycled polyester, and are themselves recyclable. The American mills that weave these designs have programs to minimize and recycle selvage waste and shipping materials, assess dye protocols and reduce energy use. The materials are typically harvested within a 10-year or shorter cycle. These natural fibers include cotton, sisal, flax, ramie, hemp, jute, wool, silk, mohair and bamboo. The Market of Green design in China There are a large amount of wasted materials can be recycled in the textile industry. China is a big textile country. The production of cotton gauze is ranking first in the world so as to the textile wastes resources are also very rich in the process of production. The consumption of textile fabric is about 5 million tons per year. With the continually increase of textile consumption; the textile wastes are also keep growing. On the other hands, China has a huge population. The textile recourses are inadequate, it cannot satisfy the needs of textile industry production. Strengthen the textile waste recycling, waste to treasure, it is not only has a huge effect on making up for the shortage of textile raw materials, but also a new industrial projects for low cost, high benefits and adequate recourses. Thus the recycle textile fabrics have a broad prospects development in the Chinese market. It is estimated that more than 1 million tones of textiles are thrown away every year, with most of this coming from household sources. Textiles make up about 3% by weight of a household bin. At least 50% of the textiles we throw away are recyclable. (Analysis of household waste composition and factors driving waste increases Dr. J. Parfitt, WRAP, December 2002) Although the majority of textile waste originates from household sources, waste textiles also arise during yarn and fabric manufacture, garment-making processes and from the retail industry. These are termed post-industrial waste, as opposed to the post-consumer waste, which goes to jumble sales and charity shops. Together they provide a vast potential for recovery and recycling. Recovery and recycling provide both environmental and economic benefits. Textile recovery: Reduces the need for landfill space. Textiles present particular problems in landfill as synthetic (man-made fibres) products will not decompose, while woollen garments do decompose and produce methane that contributes to global warming. Reduces pressure on virgin resources. Aids the balance of payments as we import fewer materials for our needs. Results in less pollution and energy savings, as fibers do not have to be transported from abroad. At present the consumer has the option of putting textiles in clothes banks, taking them to charity shops or having them picked up for a jumble sale. Recycled, a scheme run by the Textile Recycling Association in conjunction with local authorities and charities provides textile banks for public use. The Salvation Army, Scope, and Oxfam also use a bank scheme in conjunction with other methods. Scope, for example, runs a national door-to-door textile collection service. There are about 3,000 textile banks nationwide, but clothes banks are only operating at about 25% capacity. The Salvation Army is the largest operator of textile banks in the UK, with over 2,000 banks nationwide. On average, each of these banks is estimated to collect about six tones of textiles per year. Combined with door-to-door collections, The Salvation Armys textile recycling operations account for the processing of in excess of 17,000 tones of clothing a year. Clothes are given to the homeless, sold in charity sh ops or sold in developing countries in Africa, the Indian sub-continent and parts of Eastern Europe.Nearly 70% of items put into clothing banks are reused as clothes, and any un-wearable items are sold to merchants to be recycled and used as factory wiping cloths. Thus for the Chinese market, we also can set more clothes banks in order to recycle more clothes. It is fortune that there is a lot of Chinese fashion designers begin to focus on the green design. For example, the Chinese fashion designer Yichao Zhang, he won the Creative award in 2009. He uses kong and Yu as his inspiration to show the new collection in the 2010 Chinese international fashion week-Autumn/Winter. He said, the meaning of Chinese word kong in English is sky, natural, and the space that human beings belong to. Yu means the space that human beings live to. He want to express that natural is the best living space for the human beings, thus people needs to love our natural and environment. All the garments were be made by the natural fabric, it reflect the green design obviously. What have I plan to do in the next step? Make more research about the fabric about Chinese traditional clothing, the news and report about green design in china and green fabrics. Make a questionnaire to survey the target customers, to get some information about what their opinion and their understanding of the green design. Make an interview to a Chinese fashion designer or some factories that prefers green design or product green fabrics. Make some market analysis about how popular will green design have in china. Questionnaire I am the student from Northumbria University in Newcastle. Can you help me to finish some questions about the Green Design as follow? Gender_____ Occupation_____ Age_____ 1. Have you heard about the Green Design? ___Yes ___No 2. When you buy a piece of garments, will you concern about the fabrics whether it was made in natural fabrics? ___Always ___Sometimes ___Never 3. Do you know the difference between natural fabrics and man-made fabrics? ___ Yes, I know ___Yes, I know a little bit ___No, I dont know 4. What will you do to deal with your old clothing? ___Throw away ___Recycle the clothing to the related department ___Keep it 5. Do you agree to advocate the fashion designers to use natural fabrics for making the garments? ___Yes I agree. ___Its up to the fashion designers, I never mind. ___I prefer the designers to use man-made fabrics. References CHUEN-FANG, L. (1991). Chinese decorative design. Taiwan, Republic of China, SMC Pub. Là ¼, H., Ma, C. (1980). Traditional Chinese textile designs in full color. Dover pictorial archive series. New York: Dover Publications. POOLE, B. (2006). Green design. New York, N.Y., Mark Batty Publisher. YANG, S. (2004). Traditional Chinese clothing: costumes, adornments culture. San Francisco, Long River Press. Chinese Clothing Five Thousand Years History http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_CLOTHING.HTM (no date) (Accessed at 21 April 2010) DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. http://www.pollackassociates.com/fabrics/info/green-design.cfm (no date) (Accessed at 21 April 2010) Medical Issue of Negligence | Case Study Medical Issue of Negligence | Case Study Muhammad Younas Introduction Healthcare professionals often confront situations of ambiguity and uncertainty regarding patient’s treatment. Ethical issues arise when there is violation of ethical principles by the health care providers, more specifically when the patient and family leave the decision on physicians considering them dominant and body of knowledge. These issues also arise when physician takes decision based some personal interest and which is partially or not at all in favor of patient. In this paper I am going to comment on the malpractice which is defined as the form of negligence where by any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of professional skills or the care provided not meet the standards and causes harm to the patient (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008). Scenario A 25 years old male patient diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage after road traffic accident was kept on ventilator in intensive care unit (ICU). Patient attendants were relying for any decision on health professionals. The family was well established and was able to pay any cost to save their patient. Patient was progressing towards brain death and attendants were not informed about the situation. Patient remained on ventilator for the next seven days and then declared dead. Nurses failed to intervene as they were afraid of job insecurity. The doctor misused his authority and forced nurses to just follow the orders. The doctor was aware about patient’s condition, but kept the patient on vent to generate revenue. Ethical issue In this scenario the doctor was aware about the subarachnoid hemorrhage and its poor prognosis as it was a traumatic brain injury leading towards brain death. Bullock et al. (2006) have classified subarachnoid hemorrhage as severe traumatic brain injury with twofold mortality rate and very poor prognosis. Despite the poor prognosis and no chances of survival of the patient the doctor kept the patient on ventilator because of his own, as well as institutional interest. The doctor kept the family unaware of this information and took decision based on his own interest as the family was well-off and was totally relying on the doctor for any action to be taken. Moreover, dignity of a human being was violated by keeping on prolong mechanical ventilation with brain death. Furthermore, the ICU bed and the ventilator could have been used for another critically ill patient as this was a case of brain death. Analysis of the ethical issue: Baskett, Steen and Bossaert (2005) have mentioned that the four ethical principles that are Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice are crucial in making decision at the end of life care. In this particular scenario the four ethical principles have been violated as consequences of the malpractice that is keeping the family unaware of the patient situation and prognosis. The term autonomy literally means â€Å"self-governance† (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008, p. 54). As the patient was on ventilator, in this case the surrogate decision maker will be one of the family members. It is the doctor’s obligation to inform the family about the prognosis and chances of survival and also explain them the code options and then let them autonomously decide on behalf of the patient. By not informing the family and not involving them actively in the decision about code status of the patient, the healthcare provider violated the family autonomy and misused paternalistic approach. The principle of beneficence refers to an act for the benefit of others (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). In particular to this scenario the specific beneficence has been violated as keeping the patient on ventilator with brain death is of no use for patient but only a false hope for family and financial burden. The element of veracity has been violated by not telling truth to the fa mily about the patient’s condition and prognosis. One of the consequences of the malpractice by the doctor is violation of justice. The doctor was not fair in proper allocation of resources the ventilator and ICU bed could have been used for another critically ill patient which were occupied by this patient with brain death. Ethical issue of interest and my position Then main issues in this scenario are the decision taken by the physician based on his own interest and then keeping the family unaware of the whole situation and consequently the general ethical principles have violated through malpractice. My stance in this situation is that Parents are legitimate decision makers and must be involve in making decision on behalf of their children. Arguments Autonomy of the legitimate decision makers has been violated. Emanuel and Emanuel (1992) suggested a four models approach based namely, (i) paternalistic model, (ii) the informative model, (iii) the interpretive model and, (iv) the deliberative model. Firstly, paternalistic model, the physician has adopted paternalistic approach but did not make sure that whether the interventions best promote health and wellbeing. Secondly, in the objective of the informative model, the physician did not provide legitimate decision makers with all the relevant information about the disease prognosis, the risk and benefits of the available interventions, but just decided on his own. Thirdly, in the interpretive model the physician did not elucidate the parent’s values about selection of the available interventions which realizes their values. Lastly, the deliberative model, the physician did not assist the parents to choose and decide for the patient the best health related values. All of the four models are focused on patient autonomy and stressed that autonomy of the patient should be taken care in any circumstances. Malpractice by the physician reflects that he did not show adherence to his oath and accountability in taking decision for patient. It is the duty of the physician to bear in mind the preserving of human life and should owe his complete loyalty and resources of his knowledge for the patient (Pakistan medical and dental council, 2006). Furthermore, there was misuse of paternalistic approach by the doctor. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) suggests that though based on beneficence, decisions taken are centered to patient wellbeing, however, the inherent supremacy in such a hierarchical arrangement may be abused and the decision taken may reflect the self-interest of the healthcare professional more than care for the patient (p. 270). In addition there was violation of social justice by the physician in the allocation of resources and budget for other deserving candidates. After the brain death the physician new that further treatment is futile and of no benefit for the patient yet he ordered to continue the treatment. The ICU bed and ventilator could have been used for other deserving candidates. If a patient is dead and still on ventilator in this case the cessation of treatment will not provide harm (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). It clearly indicates that the doctor kept the patient after brain death longer for own and hospital interest. Ethics of care In the light of ethics of care being a nurse the nurse personally feels that that the patient was on ventilator and was in a vulnerable state and though he failed to intervene but what possible he could have done? The theory of ethics defined by Tronto (1993) as cited in Lachman (2012), there is a pre-existing moral relationship between people and he further stated that there are four phases in patient care that are (i) caring about, (ii) taking care of, (iii) care giving and (iv) care receiving. In â€Å"caring about† phase the nurse noticed that the physician violated the legitimate decision makers’ autonomy by not involving them in decision making. In the phase â€Å"taking care of† he realized that he could have taken the responsibility and empathize what the parents were experiencing. Therefore in the â€Å"care giving† phase he could have advocate for the patient and family that they must know about the patient’s prognosis and thus take their own decision. Finally in the â€Å"care receiving† phase then he could have got the success of the interventions done in the previous three phases. Counter arguments Though the survival rate was low but there was still hope and the physician just wanted to give chance to this young blood and was hopeful that there might be a small chance. Occasionally miraculous recoveries from comas are reported widely (Swinburn, Ali, Banerjee and Khan, 1999). As the family was very anxious and the patient’s father was a cardiac patient, in this situation the doctor did not want to inform the family promptly. (Literature support with statistics) (We should not give up). The family gave the rights to the physician to decide for the patient, so he claims that he was just doing for the benefit of the patient. Moreover, the doctor did not misinform the family but just kept them unaware of the situation because he thought that telling the truth may increase their anxiety level. The physician may support him through Mill’s autonomy which talks about the obligation to persuade others when they have false or views (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). Justification of my Position Even if the doctor was right in his position he still should have not taken the decision by himself. The decision to withhold or with draw is made by the physician in consultation with family members (Burkhardt ansd Nathaniel, 2008). Moreover, burden of the treatment outweigh the benefits. The reasons for continuing the futile treatment are primarily based on physician emotions, guilt, concerns about family and fear of legal consequences (Jox, Schaider, Marckmann Borasio, 2012). How the scenario could have changed The family should have informed about the patient situation, prognosis, possible interventions along with risk benefit ratio. Thus the physician would have remained loyal to his oath and obligation by not providing false assurance to the family, and also the family was to suppose face the grief anyway. After the brain death the patient should have weaned off form ventilator and by announcement of death the dead body should have processed with dignity. Thus there would have less financial burden on the family and also justice have maintained by providing chance to other critically ill patients. Recommendations There should be a clear policy at institutional level regarding patients with brain death. Moreover, health care provider should show adherence to the implementation of such policy. The nurse as an advocator should advocate on patient’s behalf and also involve hospital ethical committee. It should be responsibility of the hospital ethics committee to investigate such cases and consider further necessary action accordingly. Patient and family education is an utmost duty of healthcare professionals, specifically physician should involve family in the decision making process. Conclusion Being health care professionals we face ethical issues in patient care and treatment more often, when we are dealing with critically ill patients when they are at their most vulnerable. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity is always there, but health care professional should be more accountable and sensible and should take decisions that are ethically and legally sound and should meet the patient and family values. References Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Burkhardt, M. Nathaniel, A. (2008). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing (3rd ed.) Australia: Delmar. Bullock, M. R., Chesnut, R., Ghajar, J., Gordon, D., Hartl, R., Newell, D. W., Wilberger, J. (2006). Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery, 58(3), S2-7-S2-62. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000210363.91172.A8 Emanuel, E. J., Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician-patient relationship. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(16), 2221-2226. Jox, R. J., Schaider, A., Marckmann, G., Borasio, G. D. (2012). Medical futility at the end of life: the perspectives of intensive care and palliative care clinicians. Journal of medical ethics, 38(9), 540-545. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2011-100479 Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice. MedSurg Nursing, 21(2), 112-116. Swinburn, J. M., Ali, S. M., Banerjee, D. J., Khan, Z. P., Cranford, R. E., Jennett, B. (1999). Discontinuation of ventilation after brain stem death. British Medical Journal, 318, 1753- 55. How Effective is Policy in Reducing Child Poverty? How Effective is Policy in Reducing Child Poverty? How effective is policy in reducing child poverty Despite the United Kingdom being one of the worlds richest nations, it has one of the highest rates of child poverty. Research has shown, children living in poverty are less likely to achieve at school and by the age of fourteen many poor children are two years behind their peers (Fisher, 2008). This would suggest, children living in poverty are more likely to leave school with fewer qualifications, unable to realise their full potential, therefore, are less likely to contribute fully to society. Since 1997, New Labour policy has intended to improve services to children and families as part of a wider strategy to tackle social exclusion and poverty in the UK (Blair. 2005). In 1999 the labour party set out to end child poverty in a generation. I will set out our historic aim, that ours is the first generation to end child poverty forever, and it will take a generation. It is a 20-year mission but I believe it can be done. Blair (1999, in Ridge, 2004) Blairs historic pledge to end child poverty moved the issue from the side-line to the centre of the policy agenda (Ridge, 2004). In ending child poverty, the DCSF has outlined four areas which it believes are key to achieving the goal. Getting more parents into work, providing financial support that matches family requirements, improving childrens life chances and creating safe cohesive communities in which children can thrive (Defries, 2009). The intention to end child poverty by 2020 has introduced various forms of incentives to single parents encouraging them back to work (Blair. 1999). The Government has introduced a guaranteed minimum income for families with children who are in full time employment and child care grants for parents wishing to return to work. In addition, the Government has also extended maternity leave to fifty two weeks in the hope of enticing mothers to work rather than claim benefits (Work Families Act. 2006). Government policies on tackling childhood pover ty will be examined further in this essay. This literature review will explore current opinion on the role Government policy and legislation plays in effectively reducing child poverty. Through Government documents, websites and peer reviewed academic journals; I aim to establish if literature supports the effectiveness of policy in reducing child poverty. This essay will give a brief history of various policies introduced to support children and their families and examine the driving force behind them. It will also look at alternatives to end child poverty and reduce dependency on Welfare state. In order to appreciate the term ‘poverty it is important to give a succinct description of what poverty is and how it is classed; Poverty has many manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Hunger, malnutrition, ill health and basic education has also been a consistent theme among children in poverty (Alcock, 2006). The Governments classification of poverty in the UK is based on income and resources. If these are so inadequate as to preclude you from having a standard of living which is regarded as acceptable by the Government, then you are said to be in poverty (Cullen, 2007). Currently the Government class all families with an income of less than 60% of the British median to be in poverty (Gentleman, 2009). This is slightly different than the calculations used in research completed by UNICEF, where homes with equivalent income below 50% of the nations median are said to be in poverty (UNICEF, 2009). Although there appe ars to be no one clear measure, the Governments definition underpins their strategic response to tackling child poverty. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, child poverty will be measured through family income. Poverty exists within a dynamic and changing social order and is, to some extent, created and recreated buy the social and economic policies that have been developed over time. The history of policies of child poverty can be dated back as far as the first Poor Law. Prior to the Poor Law, assistance with, and relief from poverty was provided by the church, relatives or the parish. Policy and poverty has consistently shaped the position of children who are poor within all aspects of the boarder social structure. To develop an understanding of child poverty it is necessary to have an insight of how child poverty has been represented over time. Historically, the voices of children living in poverty have rarely been heard. Laslett (1971) points out, that despite there being a large number of children in the pre-industrial world; they are missing from written record (Laslett, 1971. P110). Cunningham (1991) reiterates this by stating, â€Å"Early representations of child poverty have come from neither child nor the poor†. (Cunningham, 1991) Therefore, our understanding of the history of child poverty has been filtered through an adults perspective based on family circumstances. As a result, any historical account of children living in poverty needs to be embedded in a wider account of the social, economic and political developments over time (Ridge, 2004). With this in mind, this review will give a brief overview of the key factors of legislation. The first Poor Law was introduced to aid assistance to those who needed it. The first Poor Law legislation of 1388 in England was made in response to a particular social situation following a high death rate from the Black Death plague epidemic. During the 19th century children whose parents were impoverished came under the jurisdiction of the 1934 Poor Law. Two main systems of relief existed within this law; the workhouse and outdoor relief. The Poor Law commission assumed children should be treated the same as their parents. Consequently, children of the ‘able bodied poor were expected to follow their parents into the workhouses (Fletcher, 2005). This would have made it almost impossible for children living in poverty to break the cycle as once they were old enough to work they took their positions within the work house. Outdoor relief was typically given to able-bodied paupers in the form of clothing, food or even money. However, work was expected in return (Walker, 2008). The underlying notion of the Poor Act was to foster independence and self reliance, therefore reinforcing the inherent values of work. It could be argued that these values are still current today. This will be explored further in the essay. Due to the high mortality rates of single mothers who died in child birth, about 20% of the children in the workhouses were parentless (Fletcher, 2005). Whilst provision was made for the parentless children of the work house, no provision was made for the parentless beggar children from the street. The street children were very much left to provide for themselves. Many of the children turned to crime, this was portrayed in the film Oliver Twist which was written in the late 1830s (Ref). This again, would have made it extremely difficult for poor children to break the cycle of poverty and highlights the ineptness of the Poor Law. The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws, in the early part of the twentieth century, reflected on its ineffectiveness in the majority and minority reports (1909) (Glennerster et al, 2004) It was believed some of the poor were beyond relief and of those on relief, it was felt they should not continue to do as they please. That is, they should not choose not to work if they were able to (Ref). This is a clear parallel of debates regarding todays society and welfare reform, where the government are actively encouraging able bodied parents to work to reduce dependency on the welfare state (Ref). The minority report saw the causes of poverty as largely the result of basic structural factors in the economy and argued provision for the poor should become part of a range of services for the whole community. This proved a strong thread in the debate of the Poor Law and became the centrepiece of a campaign to abolish it (Glennerster et al, 2004). After the Second World War it became clear there needed a big idea to put an end to poverty. The social security reforms of the 1940s, based on the recommendations of the Beveridge Report (1942) aimed to give everyone economic security from the ‘cradle to the grave through the provision of benefit support (Alcock, 2006). The introduction to family allowances in 1946 undoubtedly improved services to children and was an effective tool in reducing the problem of child poverty (BBC Radio). This was just one of a number of initiatives used to raise the standards of living for children in poverty. Although, Family Allowances were initially only paid to families with more than one child, this was later converted into Child Benefit and paid for all children and all families regardless of income (ref). This was to encourage low income families to work as they would still get some kind of benefit for their children regardless of income. However, due to the changes in family structure a high number of family break downs occurred, consequently the numbers of one-parent families grew. This made it very difficult for single parents as many were largely unable to work due to their child care responsibilities so many children remained poor. It could be argued that single parents fell through Beverages safety net as his reforms had only been intended to work as a family unit. This is a clear indication of the changes in family structure in a post modern Britain. It is widely recognised that family breakdowns are costly to the state with a high number of lone-parents claiming benefits. In 1905 a times editorial warned of relying too much on the state. He declared, parents had already been relieved of the duty of educating their children and now this was being used as an argument of relieving them from their duty of clothing them. He voiced his concern that children, in adulthood, may fail to take a productive role in society and instead rely heavily on the government when they in turn become parents. We have already made a serious inroad upon personal responsibility and a personal independence by relieving parents of their duty to educate their children. When we have done that, the argument will be stronger than ever for relieving them of the duty of clothing their children. But what are we to expect of our children when they in turn become parents. Their habit of looking to the state for their maintenance would be ingrained in them. However, without the state intervention there would undoubtedly have been no end to the squalor and disease with the century began. (Ref) It could therefore be argued that social policy has been effective in increasing living standards for children. Today many people believe they have gone too far and created a ‘nanny state. Can future governments do any better than those of the past? If not what will be the consequence of our children? needed a big idea to through national insurance. There was widespread support for the Beveridge plan and the post-war labour government pledged to make it a reality and the welfare state was born. This led to improved services for all, including education and a free national health service. This was largely welcomed by the nation. As the nation gradually became wealthier it was believed child poverty was becoming a thing of the past. By the 1990s however, it became clear that this was not the case. In the UK in 1991 the Child Support Act introduced major changes in the way the state intervenes in the financial support of children when parents separate (Burgoyne Millar, 1994). Previously, courts were responsible for setting and enforcing maintenance payments however, very few fathers paid anything for their children (Ref). The new approach required absent fathers to pay higher amounts for their children and enforced these payments much more rigorously than in the past. It could however be argued that the governments intentions of introducing the CSA was for the benefit of the state rather than the children, as a large number of lone-parents are unable to work. In which case the lone-parents receive no financial gain from the absent parent as any child support collected is simply deducted from their benefits. In 1996 the Child Poverty Action Group issued a report which indicated that one in four children were living in poverty (CPAG,). Although the destitution of the post-war days had gone, children were found to be living in conditions well below standards that we consider acceptable in todays society. Single parents are finding it extremely hard to exist on single parent benefit but many feel embedded in the poverty trap. It has been widely acknowledged that child care can be costly and the Governments scheme to assist with the cost of child care has been welcomed by many single parents wishing to return to work. However, many still find the costs too much even with support from the Child Care Grants. In addition to the cost of child care, many single mothers in a low-paying jobs battle with their imperative to keep a job so they can buy food and shelter for their children, and their responsibility to see the health, safety and education of their children. The needs of children can crea te a crisis when family needs overlap with demands of employers. This can discourage many employers from employing single parents. Theorists such as Bowlby, Stern, Clyman and Bucci (Gerhardt, 2004) have written much about the benefits of secure bonds for very young childrens development. In the case of Buccis theory, the development of a secure internal schema is given as much importance as the visible external schemas that practitioners strive to recognise and extend. It could therefore be argued, the Governments underlying aim to have as many adults working outside of the home as possible, regardless of the age of their children, is to the detriment of the long term social and emotional development of the children involved. A vital part of the Governments strategy to end child poverty was the introduction of Sure Start Centres where the intention is to ‘improve outcomes for all children. (Sure Start, 2008) However, the first brief for Sure Start centered on the goals of ‘helping prevent family breakdown and promoting readiness for school (Link, 2000. P94). The move towards Sure Start providing child care rather than purely child and family support could be viewed as a Government tool for removing parental choice and encouraging parents to work. In the year 2000, the Department for Education and Employment described Sure Start as ‘a cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion. (DfEE, 2000) This aim supports the research of many interested organisations such as the Institute for Public Policy Research who stated in 1998 that ‘social inclusion is best promoted though enhanced employment opportunity (Oppenheim, 1998. P113) and that ‘poverty and deprivation in childrens families and in their neighbourhoods is associated with their performance at school. (Oppenheim, 1998. P139) This would suggest that literature supports the Governments views in building an educated workforce and supports the Sure Start family Centres aim to meet both the individual needs of the family to get an early start in education support to narrow the performance gap. Due to the ineffectiveness of the Poor Law policies of the nineteenth century, many self-help organisations were set up to offer help to those who needed it. Many of these charities remained independent of government control or influence. British social policy, in relation to child poverty acknowledges the major contribution of these organistions in promoting childrens needs. The importance of the functions and responsibilities of the voluntary sector are well documented. This was evident in the Wolfenden Report 1978 which viewed the voluntary sector as one of the four sets of institutions through which social needs are met(Taylor Woods, 2005). Changes in society, to some degree, have caused poverty. Work for unskilled men and women have become more difficult to find. The wages paid for unskilled workers is far less, therefore creating a huge wage divide for skilled and unskilled workers. Poverty today is not just about money, it is also about feeling of worthlessness in society. Many pathways have been blocked and more and more people are finding it increasing difficult to break free from poverty cycle due to employers requiring skilled workers. People becoming The social security system is complex and the ongoing use of mean-testing for assessing eligibility for benefits may prevent some families from making claims this could prevent some children from being ‘lifted out of poverty. All parents including lone-parents, have been encouraged to take up paid work through the vigorous promotion of employment opportunities and child care support coupled with the policing of benefit use. It is increasingly evident that Britain is investing in children today in recognition of the children as the ‘future adults and future workforce of our society. Literature acknowledges that a countrys success is progressively tied to its workforce (Melhuish et al, 2008). Britain isnt alone in recognising that the future workforce is dependent on our children and requires investing in them.