Dont Just Sit There, Start Your Job as a Freelance Translator

Dont Just Sit There, Start Your Job as a Freelance Translator Among professions, translation is a complex and often underrated line of work. Finding success in the field can be pretty tough due to significant competition, especially if youre a freelancer trying to find your ground. There are no shortcuts to success, but this article will list a few pointers that may inch you closer to that goal (in no particular order):Practice your languagesAn obvious but noteworthy aspect of translation is to be well versed in the language(s) you work with. A common issue when attempting to learn a second language is a hesitance to apply it to daily life. Its critical to overcome this limitation and practice both speaking and writing until youre confident enough to seamlessly transition between languages.One helpful step is to go beyond your studies. School lessons can only take you so far; take it a step further and include the new language in your casual and social activities. For example, if you enjoy watching TV and/or videos, reading books or listening t o songs, search for similar content in the target language. If you know someone you can practice with, seize the opportunity. The Internet, in particular, is a treasure trove for virtually any type of content, and social media makes it easier than ever to engage other people on any subject and in any language. While there should always be some discretion when interacting with strangers online, it remains an option that absolutely should be taken advantage of.Keep in mind you wont master a language overnight. Depending on the language, you may need years to be minimally fluent in it. Dont be intimidated if you struggle to understand a word or phrase, and dont be discouraged if you stutter and choke on your words. Youll get better. Even if you already have experience, you can always learn something new and your command of your language(s) will show in your work.Understand localizationThis topic was briefly touched upon in a previous article about website localization, and its an integ ral part of translation work. The definition of localization, according to Dictionary.com is: To make local; fix in, or assign or restrict to, a particular place, locality, etc.In practice, localizing a translation means taking liberties to fit your content into the target languages cultural landscape. One common instance of this is with measurements (converting from imperial to metric and vice-versa, depending on the target language and country). However, it can be also required for other linguistic quirks such as proverbs, expressions, slangs, rhymes, memes, etc. In such cases, context is often lost in translation, calling for adaptations to preserve figurative interpretations. Lets look for example at this popular English phrase: Out of sight, out of mind.A Portuguese (BR) translation could substitute O que os olhos no veem, o coraà §o no sente (what the eyes dont see, the heart wont feel).The English and Portuguese versions are very close, but the latter uses the word for heart (coraà §o) instead of the word for mind (mente). However, both phrases still convey the same basic meaning (what isnt near you wont affect you).But thats an easy one. Lets try this again with something more complex: The early bird catches the worm.This English proverb doesnt seem to have a direct Portuguese counterpart, so a proper translation may not convey the subtext to Portuguese readers. In this case, one possible replacement could be: Deus ajuda quem cedo madruga (God helps those who wake up early).In this case, the wording may be completely different, but both phrases teach a similar lesson (youll be at an advantage if youre the first to do something). And since the Portuguese version is more ingrained in Brazilian culture, making this change is a valid choice. Sometimes the meaning is more important than the words themselves.That said, there may be situations in which such adaptations arent possible. This is more likely to occur with proper names, quotations and particular ly technical documents. If you find yourself in such a situation (and you likely will), one option is to simply add a footnote (marked as a Translator Note, or TN) explaining the original context.In the end, localization isnt an exact science. Due to the nature of cultural influences and human interpretation, there isnt a straight answer on how and when to take these liberties. Therefore, its very important to be culturally aware. Ask yourself questions such as: Who am I translating this for? and Can a local understand my translation? (also contact your client to clear up any doubts). Its up to each translator to decide the best course of action on a case-by-case basis, but always keep the main goal in mind: to get the intended message across.Build your careerHere is the tough part of freelancing. Dont expect immediate success; it takes time and dedication to earn credibility and develop a consumer base. Chances are youll find yourself taking a second job to make ends meet as you wo rk your way toward becoming a successful translator.Perhaps the best option for beginners is to join translation agencies and other freelancer websites. The topic was previously mentioned in this article about finding a good translator, but its worth repeating since these sites provide structure and quality control mechanisms for clients and freelancers, making them highly recommended as a means of gaining experience. Keep in mind though that these sites often have terms of service imposing conditions such as exclusivity causes and/or taking a cut of your income. Make sure to understand those conditions to avoid penalties that would limit your use of a freelancer website.Also, promote yourself. It may seem annoying when others do it, but it happens for a reason. Create a website, announce your services on social media, and hand over business cards. The key is to put your name out there, so dont be shy; be shameless. The more people you make aware of your services, the more likely yo ull get work.Finally, be patient and persevere. A successful career may take years to build. But if you keep at it long enough, youll get there before you know it.Use resourcesAlways do research as needed, and dont be afraid of using every tool at your disposal to improve your work. This includes online and physical dictionaries, search engines (a Google search takes literally one second), and even CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) tools if the option is available to you. For examples of resources you can use, please refer to this article about five useful translation tools.However, in the case of machine translations, it cant be stressed enough that you shouldnt let them become a crutch; those are only helpful on a basic level, and are generally meant for casual users with no time and/or budget to afford a human professional. Machines are incapable of understanding context (at least, at the time of writing), so the results are rarely precise. Its fine to use them as a quick refer ence, but never take the results at face value without verifying them.Another source of help can be found in dedicated translation communities. ProZ may be the largest one out there, with message boards for translators to request assistance as well as articles, guides and even job listings.Discipline yourselfAs appealing as freelancing may seem for the ability to choose your work conditions, being your own boss still means being your own boss. Treat your home as your office; determine your schedule, make it known to family and friends and stick to it. Leave no room for distractions that may hurt your productivity.Also, put value in your work. Take measures to avoid non-paying customers, such as requesting payment (or at least a fraction) upfront. Dont charge low fees if the effort is not worth it, but dont compromise quality either; good work will reflect better on you than rush jobs. Always meet your deadlines and never commit to projects beyond your ability (in case of unforeseen circumstances, contact your client immediately). Check your work before delivering it and if possible, let someone else take a look at it (youd be surprised by what can be spotted by another set of eyes). Your clients will take you seriously if you take yourself seriously.But dont think of self-respect as an excuse to bite the hand that feeds you; always treat your clients cordially, respond to their messages as soon as possible and answer any questions to the best of your ability. Be humble toward criticism, rectify any mistakes when possible and learn from them. Youll be better for it.

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem In microeconomics, the elasticity of demand refers to the measure of how sensitive the demand for a good is to shifts in other economic variables. In practice, elasticity is particularly important in modeling the potential change in demand due to factors like changes in the goods price. Despite its importance, it is one of the most misunderstood concepts. To get a better grasp on the elasticity of demand in practice, lets take a look at a practice problem. Before trying to tackle this question, youll want to refer to the following introductory articles to ensure your understanding of the underlying concepts:  a beginners guide to elasticity and using calculus to calculate elasticities. Elasticity Practice Problem This practice problem has three parts: a, b, and c. Lets read through the prompt and questions. Q: The weekly demand function for butter in the province of Quebec is Qd 20000 - 500Px 25M 250Py, where Qd is quantity in kilograms purchased per week, P is price per kg in dollars, M is the average annual income of a Quebec consumer in thousands of dollar, and Py is the price of a kg of margarine. Assume that M 20, Py $2, and the weekly supply function is such that the equilibrium price of one kilogram of butter is $14. a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? Gathering the Information and Solving for Q Whenever I work on a question such as the one above, I first like to tabulate all of the relevant information at my disposal. From the question we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyWith this information, we can substitute and calculate for Q:Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyQ 20000 - 500*14 25*20 250*2Q 20000 - 7000 500 500Q 14000Having solved for Q, we can now add this information to our table:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyNext, well answer a  practice problem. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part A Explained a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? So far, we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading using calculus to calculate cross-price elasticity of demand, we see that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of cross-price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to the other firms price P. Thus we can use the following equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of the other firms price. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPy 250 So we substitute dQ/dPy 250 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py) Were interested in finding what the cross-price elasticity of demand is at M 20, Py 2, Px 14, so we substitute these into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*2)/(14000)Cross-price elasticity of demand 500/14000Cross-price elasticity of demand 0.0357 Thus our cross-price elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes (if it were negative, then the goods would be complements). The number indicates that when the price of margarine goes up 1%, the demand for butter goes up around 0.0357%. Well answer part b of the practice problem on the next page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part B Explained b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading  using calculus to calculate income elasticity of demand, we see that (using M for income rather than I as in the original article), we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of income elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to income. Thus we can use the following equation: Price Elasticity of Income: = (dQ / dM)*(M/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of income. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to M and get: dQ/dM = 25 So we substitute dQ/dM 25 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of income equation: Income elasticity of demand: (dQ / dM)*(M/Q)Income elasticity of demand: (25)*(20/14000)Income elasticity of demand: 0.0357Thus our income elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes. Next, well answer part c of the practice problem on the last page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part C Explained c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyOnce again, from reading  using calculus to calculate price elasticity of demand, we know that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to price. Thus we can use the following equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q) Once again, in order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of price. That is still the case in our demand equation of 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPx -500 So we substitute dQ/dP -500, Px14, and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of demand equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q)Price elasticity of demand: (-500)*(14/20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Price elasticity of demand: (-500*14)/14000Price elasticity of demand: (-7000)/14000Price elasticity of demand: -0.5 Thus our price elasticity of demand is -0.5. Since it is less than 1 in absolute terms, we say that demand is price inelastic, which means that consumers are not very sensitive to price changes, so a price hike will lead to increased revenue for the industry.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Film analysis - Essay Example s, it has the Old Testament’s ten commandments as its theme, but the history is all modern, based in a housing estate which consists of a set of tower blocks around a bleak garden area. The moral and social themes of the ten commandments are played out in the ordinary lives of ordinary citizens. The films of thee Decalogue are filled with atmospheric shots of the interiors of individual flats, and of bleak cityscapes in which the humans are dwarfed by multi-story buildings. A Western European or American audience is immediately struck by the relatively primitive furnishings of the living arrangements and the worn-down and worried population who live there. Characters are presented with all their faults on show, and there is a deliberate focus on illness and physical imperfections. Clothing is grubby, hands are arthritic and disfigured, as if to emphasize the harshness of the human condition. Minutes can go by, with nothing much happening, no dialogue, and just a series of domestic interiors being captured frame by frame. The characters reveal their natures in simple actions like walking down an empty road or drinking tea in a neighbour’s kitchen. If ever there was a film series to exemplify Durkheim’s theories of social conditioning, then this is it. The films are not pretty, in the sense that Hollywood films are, but what makes the films interesting, is to see the way that these downtrodden human beings exercise their free will to interact with others and resolve moral conflicts in a way that transcends their drab surroundings. While the communist day to reality insists on a purely materialist perspective, without any divine intervention, or any hope of heaven or fear of hell, the people who feature in these films, for example the doctor in Decalogue 2, find themselves in situations where a purely rational process does not bring any clarity to moral dilemmas. The doctor is asked by Dorota to make a decision which rightly belongs to God: a decision on the

Sophocles Electra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sophocles Electra - Essay Example Chrysothemis is the youngest daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra Chrysothemis. Even though, she knows her mother is corrupt, and she understands her unjust murder of her father, she refuses to mourn the way her sister Electra does. She recognizes that she will benefit enormously by siding with those in authority. On the contrary, Electra who sticks to the doctrines of justice, Chrysothemis sides to the principle of pragmatism in a bid to satisfy and benefit on her own demands (Sophocles and Roisman 54). Electra who plays the hero has a difficult role in ensuring that the principle of fairness and honor is in play at all times. She finds it inevitable to participate in her mothers killing. Her position is increasingly evident though out the drama of the uncertainty of Electras understanding on the very levels of justice that motivate her. It is evident from the onset that Electra is right to cry for the murder of her father by her mother. Her mourning is a natural reaction to a hor rible manifestation, and she purports that even though she does not certainly decide on grief, she feels compelled, by the values of integrity, to performance as she does. Electras mourning arises from mistreatment by both Aegisthus and Clytemnestra to her, who, possibly susceptible by Electras denial to forget the past. Electra is ready to feel pain because of integrity and honesty. She lawfully longs to revenge her fathers death (Sophocles and Roisman 125). Electra soon weakens her situation in her opening meeting with Clytemnestra. Clytemnestra claims that she killed Agamemnon to apply vengeance for his sacrifice of their daughter. Electra retaliates by opposing that integrity cannot be attained by countering murder of one person with another killing. Electra represents the woman in Greek society.

Managing Scope Change Essay Example for Free

Managing Scope Change Essay After successfully planning and organizing the AD High Tech online store project, project manager Chris Johnson was promoted to vice president of e-business. Eric Robertson returned from his leave and assumed the position he had left as the project manager for the online store. In late summer 2003, Johnson began hearing whispers from his colleagues that the project was in trouble. On August 20, CIO Matt Webb frantically approached Johnson in his office. He had just fired Robertson and wanted Johnson to serve as the interim project manager. For more than three months, Robertson had told Webb that the project was on track, but suddenly he changed course and told Webb that he â€Å"guessed† it would be at least one month late and that costs would overrun by more than 20 percent. This was hardly acceptable, since it was imperative that the project be completed in time for the holiday shopping season. The project had strategic importance to the company and was integral to its holiday promotion strategy. Webb explained to Johnson that there was an additional challenge: the vice president of marketing wanted to create â€Å"promotional bundles† for the holiday season. Promotional bundles are a collection of items bundled together and sold at a lower cost than if the items were purchased individually. AD’s trial promotions with some retailers had shown an increase of 10 percent in sales with the addition of these promotional bundles, and the marketing plan called for them to be rolled out nationally. Thus, in order to maintain consistency in all sales channels, the bundles also needed to be available in the online store. Once again, Johnson was asked to quickly troubleshoot the project. He needed to analyze the true state of the project and gather his projections for cost and schedule. Johnson also needed to assess the possible impact of adding promotional bundles. Although deterred from his transition into his new job  as vice president, Johnson was nonetheless excited to once again put his project management expertise to use. Promotional Bundles The promotional bundles and the tasks associated with implementing them represented the only functional or scope change for the online store as Johnson set out to troubleshoot the project.  ©2006 by the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. This case was prepared by Derek Yung ’03 and Alex Gershbeyn ’03 under the supervision of Professor Mark Jeffery in the Center for Research on Technology and Innovation. Cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Some facts within the case have been altered for confidentiality reasons. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 800-545-7685 (or 617-783-7600 outside the United States or Canada) or e-mail [emailprotected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Kellogg School of Management. This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013. The promotional bundles did not necessarily present a technical design challenge for the project. The product catalog from Microsoft Site Server had the flexibility to handle complex rules in dealing with different pricing schemes. However, since MS Site Server had to be configured and  tested, a new set of tasks not originally planned or estimated needed to be factored into the project plan. Sales planning called for a total of twelve promotional bundles. The technical lead on the team, Marc Sanders, estimated that after two to three days of training per person, ten to twelve â€Å"person-days† would be needed for his team to configure the pricing rules in the system. The testing lead estimated twenty to twenty-five person-days would be needed to test the new features and to regression-test the existing products in conjunction with the promotional bundles. Sanders was a bit worried about the size of his development team, since he was barely keeping up with his duties managing the existing tasks on the project. AD was currently charging shipping as a flat percentage depending on order size. The online store, however, was to be built to handle percentages and to specify shipping charges on a per-item basis. In the project outline, the baseline estimate of the Submit Order tasks for design and build included the work for the extra shipping functionality. Sanders estimated that he could reduce 50 percent of the work on the Submit Order tasks if the per-item shipping charge feature was removed. Doing so would likely free up a developer who could potentially work on the ERP interface. Project Staffing As far as Johnson knew, the IT staff was running at full capacity, which meant that any additional resources for the project would have to be contractors. AD did not traditionally use contractors for testing. The market rate for a contract developer had risen to $175 per hour, with an overtime rate of 150 percent. Johnson’s best guess was that it would take one week for a new developer to get acclimated and trained on the procedures of the project. Microsoft could provide consultants who were fully trained with the expertise to configure the pricing engine to accommodate the promotional bundles. Sanders had experience working with these consultants, and he estimated that they could do the configuration work and train another developer to maintain the rules in the system in no more than two to three days. The Microsoft consultants charged $500 per hour and required a minimum  of two weeks to arrange for the visit. Thus, for planning purposes, Microsoft consultants could be hired for two to three days’ work but required two weeks’ lead time to schedule. Review Meeting After reviewing his new assignment with Webb, Johnson quickly gathered all the online store project leads to get their input on the state of the project. He learned that there had been no measurement—and hence no evaluation—of project management metrics. This came as a surprise to Johnson, since Robertson had been known to be meticulous in measuring projects quantitatively in the past. KELLOGG SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013. For the exclusive use of V. THANGAMANI KEL158 AD HIGH TECH (B) After working with the leads for more than a week, Johnson painstakingly pieced together the historical data and got the actual time spent working for all relevant tasks as of August 26. See Exhibit 1 for the project â€Å"actuals.† He also had the earned value template from a previous assignment that could be used to analyze the project plan, if he could figure out how the earned value data could be extracted from the project software. See Exhibit 2. The project was originally scheduled to be implemented by mid-November, before the Thanksgiving weekend. The vice president of marketing and Webb agreed that it was possible to delay implementation until December 1 and still reap some of the benefits of the holiday season. Johnson realized that this was far from the ideal scenario, since the  project would miss the Thanksgiving shopping weekend. However, he needed to provide Webb with an accurate assessment on how and when the project could be completed. Johnson realized that he first needed to update the original Microsoft Project document. He was not sure what, if any, problems existed within the original project. In addition, he was not sure exactly how to incorporate the promotional bundles into the project plan. Johnson’s experience told him that something would need to be fixed, and that the last-minute scope change was going to cost the company. KELLOGG SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013.

Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Ernest Hemingway relies on symbolism to convey the theme of abortion. The symbolic material objects, as well as the strong symbolic characters, aid the reader’s understanding of the underlying theme. The material objects that Hemingway uses to convey the theme are beer, the good and bad hillsides, and a railroad station between two tracks. The beer represents the couple’s, â€Å"the American† and â€Å"the girl’s†, usual routine activity they do together. This bothers the girl because â€Å"that’s all [they] do †¦ look at things and try new drinks.† This shows that the girl is tired of doing the same thing and wants to do something different, like having a baby and a family, instead of fooling around all the time. She wants to stop being a girl and become a woman. Hemingway then presents the reader with two contrasting hills. One hill on one side of the station is dull, desolate, and barren; â€Å"it had no shade and no trees†, very desert like. However, the other hill on the other side of the station is beautiful, plentiful in nature, and had â€Å"fields of grain and tress along the banks of the Ebro River.† Also on each side of the station where each hill is, there is a train track. These objects are symbolic devices prepare the reader in realizing that the characters are in a place of decision. The railroad station is a place of decision where one must decide to go one way or the other. The t...

As people rely more and more on technology to solve

Most of the Jobs that we have today were not known to our forefathers as early as the beginning of 20th century and they had this same equation with their forefathers going back another hundred years. What drives this changes ? And more Importantly what Impact does this evolution have on our lives ? The first question Is simple, It's caused by the advent of a new technology, which phases out some Jobs whilst creating new ones going ahead, As for the latter question, let's take a deeper look at this process of evolving technology and hen conclude It's impact on our lives.By the middle of 19th century Industrial Revolution had transformed the face of USA. Assembly line production, network of railroads, industrial farming methodologies, these were changing the way people did their work, gone were the days of farmers toiling under the sun to plough their fields, mechanized farm equipments took away that pain and the same farm that took tens of people to plough could now be done by lust o ne person trained to operate these new machines. This person had orientations from manual labor to more skilled work that utilized his cognitive abilities.The other farmers that got laid off too got to work in newer roles which supplemented the advent of these machines, factory workers, mechanics and such. These were all jobs that were more mentally taxing than physically making these former laborers a part of the new skilled workforce. Advances in computing and robotics brought about a similar shift in our lives around the middle of 20th century. We built smarter automated machines that allowed us to lid taller buildings and longer bridges and even space station, conduct medical procedures such as Mrs. and heart surgeries.The proliferation of Internet has created new avenues for learning and enabled us to spread education to the farthest corners of the world. In effect technology made our lives longer and more fruitful. In the 21 SST century we have ever Increased our reliance on t echnology to enable several aspects of our daily lives and supplement our efforts to solve ever bigger problems. The next big shift In our lives might be defined by quantum computing, emetic engineering, deep space exploration or something else but we shouldn't be skeptical about the coming change.Today when we stand at the brink of another technological revolution, we should look back and realize how each age of humanity was defined by their technology and how central it has been to the evolution and betterment of our society. Fallacy. While there are several aspects of our daily lives that have become automated, the one thing that machines haven't taken away from us is the ability to think What next? ‘, that is strictly the domain of the human mind.

Untrustworthy President Example Essay

Matthew Hart 09/18/12 An Untrustworthy President â€Å"The true test of the American ideal is whether we’re able to recognize our failings and then rise together to meet the challenges of our time. Whether we allow ourselves to be shaped by events and history, or whether we act to shape them. †- Our current president. The U. S. president has been untrustworthy on more than one occasion. Our president is unreliable when it comes to foreign and domestic issues, as well as being all around untrustworthy. Our president is untrustworthy to us, U. S. citizens.Our borders are overflowing with illegal immigrants who have no intensions of legalizing or paying taxes but are willing to take our jobs and take our money back to their country where it does not belong. Our president has been persecuting Arizona for enforcing illegal immigration laws when his administration will not do the job. At the White House, the president held a joint press conference with Mexico’s preside nt that featured both of them criticizing Arizona's immigration law. I only wish there were someone there to represent America that day.That is a matter of national security where we cannot trust our president to protect us. We depend on our president to provide us with jobs when the job market is suffering and this president is providing us with a slow increase in jobs when we need a quick and large increase, again our president expresses untrustworthiness in the face of a crisis. The very first thing our president did after he was elected was push through the largest and most wasteful spending bill in human history. The cost of the bill was attested to be 800 billion to 1. trillion dollars. The purpose of the bill was to create jobs and the government claimed the bill would keep unemployment below 8%. We've now had 38 straight months of above 8% unemployment, the longest streak since the Great Depression. Keeping our country and government operating smoothly is another area where uncertainty surrounds our president’s capabilities. That is an example of our tax money being insecure in the hands of our president. We pay more money a year than anyone can fathom and it is squandered in this country and around the world n ways that do not help solve our problems we face here at home or around the world. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Every president to be must tweak the truth of where they stand on certain topics of interest, creating a false sense of security which later makes us insecure as a country. Despite the fact that our government assured us that there was â€Å"no risk† America would lose its AAA credit rating, America did indeed lose its rating for the first time since 1917 because of our president’s refusal to cut spending.Election Day for our president, with his soon to be half fulfilled promises to better this country and the world, is a memorable example of our president acting untrustworthy. Never before in the history of our country has one party pushed through a massive entitlement program that was wildly unpopular with the American people, the Affordable Health Care Act. This year’s convention where the president makes unreliable statements about what he has or has not accomplished is another example.The recent speeches on foreign policy and national security provide extensional evidence of how trustless our president is to us. Putting a man on the moon is one of America's greatest accomplishments and our Space Shuttle program was ended, under our current president. When a U. S. president wants to be reelected to office, he must rethink his first set of unfulfilled promises and decide which to change and which to keep. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with.Foreign leaders of allied nations around the world cannot trust our president when they need his help. American’s think of our presi dent as being untrustworthy when it comes to the current crisis in the middle-east. The President has wasted a ton of time, energy and money on things like nationalizing our health care system which doesn't really rise to the level of being a true national emergency. Meantime, he has spent almost no time dealing with real national emergencies, such as the emergence of a nuclear Iran. They feel as though he is not acting in the best interest of our country.Look at our president, when faced with multiple countries in the middle-east burning our flag, he does not take action in the best interest of the citizens of the United States. As the president of the United States of America it is his duty to act in best interest of this country’s citizens and there is no evidence where he has asked us what we would want him to do about this crisis. But he took action in the best interest of those countries citizens and that is untrustworthy from an American citizen’s point of view. The U. S. resident shows us just how unreliable he is at protecting our good country’s name around the world when he does nothing after four Americans are murdered, an American embassy is set on fire, and an American school is burned to the ground in a foreign country. Our president is unreliable when it comes to foreign and domestic issues as well as being all around untrustworthy. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with.

How do Migration and Urbanization Bring About Urban Poverty in Developing Countries

How do Migration and Urbanization Bring About Urban Poverty in Developing Countries Introduction Urbanization is the increase in the urban share of the total population. A report given by The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) states that urbanization has rapidly increased in Africa and Asia since the year 2000 (UNFPA, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How do Migration and Urbanization Bring About Urban Poverty in Developing Countries? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report says this population will duplicate by the year 2030 and many of the new urbanites will be poor. Urbanization has been found to contribute to poverty while on the other hand being a solution to it. In addition, it has been found to create and solve environmental problems. The trick is in exploiting the possibilities and reaching a balance before the problem gets out of hand (UNFPA, 2007). Once the problem gets out of hand, the repercussions may adversely affect the economy of a country. This will hinder dev elopment, which is every country’s desire. The major cause of urbanization in developing countries is rural to urban migration. Migration refers to the movement of people from one area to another for different reasons. When there is a high rate of rural to urban migration, there is pressure on the limited resources in the urban centers. This eventually leads to high poverty cases in cities as the government tries to distribute its resources (Ibid). This research paper is going to analyze the relationship between migration, urbanization, and poverty. The research question is; how do migration and urbanization contribute to urban poverty in developing countries? Urbanization in developing countries In most developing countries, infrastructure is centralized such that the best amenities are at the urban centers. High and diversified populations characterize these. Urban centers offer the best education facilities, hospitals, industries and job opportunities.Advertising L ooking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cities have a wide market potential as they have several shopping malls owned by local and foreign investors. This offers comfort and convenience as all one needs are easily accessible. Urban centers are also able to provide a wide range of services to its residents in terms of sanitation, transportation, recreation, housing and cultural activities. Industries, factories, governmental and non-governmental companies are set up within cities. These offer employment opportunities that attract people from rural areas. There is rich cultural diversity in urban centers and therefore much exposure. Cities offer an informed comfortable life that is full of opportunities (Samers, 2010). The rural areas only capitalize in agriculture and this often with low returns due to the poor market prices in towns. Inability to find a suitable market for the farm produ cts leads to losses with adverse economic effects to the farmer. Poor and traditional farming methods result in low productivity leading to low quality harvests. With the competition from imported farm products, these do not stand a chance in the market. They have a sparse population with poor infrastructure in most cases. The quality of life is relatively low as compared to the urban life. Rural areas comprise of majorly one ethnic group and therefore lack exposure to other cultures. Life here is relatively less competitive and there are less development opportunities. The quality of education offered is low and may not match what employers look for. To realize a better life, these people move to urban areas in search of education and job opportunities leading to urbanization (Martin, 2008). Urbanization may boost a country’s economy as it shifts focus from agricultural production to other types of goods and services. These include services like banking, information technolo gy and electronics. These enlarge the opportunities for small scale and large-scale business ideas.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How do Migration and Urbanization Bring About Urban Poverty in Developing Countries? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also gives room to local and international investments, as there is need for development. Urbanization comes about because of massive movement of people from rural to urban areas within a country or across countries. It can also result from natural increases in population through a high birth rate and a low death rate. Initially, the population growth is an advantage for the local government (Mohanty, 1993). In an era of industrialization, this means availability of cheap labor as the demand is high. Increase in population means a better market for international and internal investors. The living standards of people rise as they get better paying jobs. There is rapid development of a town following urbanization. The government ensures the security of an urban center as it hosts several people. Better infrastructure and social amenities are set up to provide efficient and fast services. Urbanization is therefore a good step towards development (Martin, 2008). Overtime, though, urbanization can lead to adverse effects. For example, urbanization contributes to alterations in social and economic structures of a country. This is because it strains a city’s capacity to provide amenities like education, healthcare, transportation, sanitation, housing and physical security. The urban poor find themselves in downtown areas where they reside in old, rundown buildings, substandard housing and empty stores. Some may even end up homeless due to the high living standards. Thus, slums are set up within cities to accommodate the urban poor. Poor hygiene, diseases, high productivity, crime, congestion and the utmost poverty characterize these (Bi lsborrow, 1996).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the strained resources, the urban poor end up in social problems like crime, vandalism and unemployment. Their children end up in the streets as beggars and if not curbed this brings about generational poverty. Massive sprawl arises in form of increases in traffic, crowded schools, increased expenses, air pollution and water pollution. This culminates in urban poverty. Many residents invest in the city’s suburbs in search of quite, safe and expansive neighborhoods leading to expansion of the cities. Adverse environmental changes accompany urbanization. This includes climate and global change due to the massive pollution from industries, factories, automotives and individuals (Martin, 2008). Migration in developing countries Urbanization and migration are related in that the latter brings about the former. Migration refers to the long-term relocation to a new region outside one’s original community. Migration can be internal or international. Internal migration i nvolves movement of people from rural to urban centers, or urban to rural areas within the country of origin. International migration involves long-term relocation to another country (Harris, 1970). Migration occurs due to two main factors categorized as push factors and pull factors. Push factors are those adverse conditions in the place of origin that force one to relocate. These could be adverse environmental conditions like famine, drought and floods. Insecurity in the place of origin due to ethnic clashes may force individuals to migrate. Such factors could lead to internally displaced people to take refuge in different communities within their countries. In cases where there is insecurity in a country, people take refuge in neighboring countries. Refugees flee from domestic and international conflicts based on race, nationality, religion and politics. Poor social amenities like hospitals, schools, transport and sanitation can influence people’s choice to relocate. High cases of unemployment and few social opportunities also lead to migration. Other push factors include primitive conditions, discrimination and loss of wealth, death threats and poor chances of marrying (Cohen, 1996). Pull factors are those positive conditions that draw people to new places. These include better environmental conditions, better infrastructure, exposure, and better income and employment opportunities. Family links and better chances of marrying have also act as pull factors. International migration involves labor migrations, refugees and undocumented migrants. There are rules governing international migration such that this migration can be legal or illegal. Migration can also be voluntary or involuntary depending on the prevailing circumstances. Individuals who migrate to live in another country are called immigrants while those leave their country to reside in a different country are called emigrants (Ibid). There are different theories of migration. An example of s uch theories is the neoclassical theory. According to this theory, wage differences in two geographical localities can contribute to labor migration. This depends on labor demand and supply. People move to areas of high demand and low supply as this offers higher wages (Cohen, 1996). Dual labor market theory suggests that pull factors are the major reasons for migration. This pull arises due to a need for intensive, low skill, well paying labor in developed regions. Another theory, the new economics of labor migration, involves social entities as a reason for migration. For example, a household may send a member to a developed region to upgrade their living standards by sending remittances. The relative deprivation theory gives importance to the awareness of in-come differences between neighboring regions (Cohen, 1996). Rural to urban migration leads to the demand of urban amenities exceeding the supply. Overcrowding and congestion is the natural result of this migration. There is a lot of pressure on social amenities as a result and increase in social vice. Poor housing leads to development of slums within the urban centers. The rural areas, on the other hand face brainwash as its best-educated members relocate. Young, energetic and well-educated rural members are more prone to job migration. Their migration implies an adverse impact on the development of rural areas as it slows down and stagnates over the years. Agricultural productivity decreases as the rural areas are neglected and the country as a whole suffers, as this is the main source of revenue in developing countries (Samers, 2010). Urban poverty in developing countries As discussed already, migration and urbanization lead to poverty in urban centers due to strained resources. The poor in urban centers find it difficult to secure decent living conditions. This is especially true for female rather than male residents due to gender disparity in developing countries. Women and children face more challe nges as they are more vulnerable and they have few casual job opportunities. Women also face social stigma due to their living standards as compared to men. They have inadequate shelter in insecure neighborhoods exposed to hazards. Accessibility to social amenities is limited and this exposes them to diseases and accidents (Urban Age, 2009). The urban poor are not represented well in governments with selfish political leaders who do not associate with the poor. This is because they have little time to air their grievances as each struggles to make ends meet. In search countries, there are two classes of people namely: the rich and the poor. The line between the two classes is so thick that neither can cross over. Reproduction rate is high among the poor, as they do not have money to spare in medical attention. Without family planning measures, they end up with many children which strains their resources further. The sources of income for the urban poor are not constant as most of th em are temporary casuals. This means it is hard to save enough for all the family needs. Children are likely to miss quality education and start working at a young age to help increase the family income (Urban Age, 2009). Migrants do not necessarily find work in line with their qualifications. They know few or no people and are likely to take a long time fitting into the urban setting. In cases of illegal migration, they also face the challenge of hiding from the authority. In cases of forced migration due, they may have little or no cash to help them settle. The desperation makes them choose any kind of work, probably menial, to sustain them. The situation may not change due to low income and they resort to slum life, as this is relatively cheaper. This way, the urban poverty cycle gets rolling (Samers, 2010). Recommendations Rapid urban growth exerts enormous pressure on local capacities and leads to characteristic urban poverty. To solve this challenge, it is necessary to secure land for the urban poor. This aims at using poverty as collateral for obtaining formal credit to invest in home improvements and business investments. This increases avenues for revenue to help fund public services and facilities. Further, it gives a good market to properties by reducing transaction costs. The government buys the products from farmers at a competitive price and markets them on their behalf. This program also gives farmers and residents tenure security for informal urban settlements (Payne, 2011). In an attempt to curb the challenges brought about by rural to urban migration and subsequent urbanization, the following policies seem to offer solution to the current problem. Provision of basic social amenities in rural areas enhances healthy living and exposure. Improved infrastructure makes remote areas accessible and increases chances of development. Improved quality of education gives both rural and urban children an equal opportunity to excel in academics and compet e in the job market. There seems to be a need in decentralizing agro –buissiness and industries from urban areas to rural areas. This will help curb rural-urban migration (Mohanty, 1993). Erection of government stores in rural areas that buy farm products at a competitive price from the farmers is a good move. It should also help to market the farmers’ products on their behalf. Embracing technological farming will increase productivity and subsequently offer good returns. In addition, empowering youths in rural areas with entrepreneurial skills will facilitates business growth. All these strategies are likely to improve their living standards. All these will create equal opportunities in rural areas and decrease the need for migration to urban centers (UNFPA, 2007). Information on reproductive health issues need to be readily accessible to the poor. This way, family planning measures will help curb natural population increases. The poor will give birth to children they are able to sufficiently support using their resources. Gender equity and equality measures empower both men and women to realize their goals with no fear. Cities need to be planned with a long term and broad vision to efficiently utilize its space and promote sustainability. Proper planning decongests cities, reduces traffic jams and avoids overcrowding. Environmental and ecosystem management is crucial in urban centers to avoid adverse environmental changes like global warming (Davis, 2007). Community participation in development is another factor. For example, the Kenya Water for Health Organization is a Kenyan Non-governmental organization that provides water, health and sanitation through community participation. Through these activities, it has been able to develop rural water, health and sanitation programmes. This in turn promotes gardening and other income generating activities for the residents (Mohanty, 1993). Development is therefore every person’s initiative. Im plementation of the right government policies coupled with public cooperation is a necessary tool for rural development. Conclusion Migration, urbanization and poverty are closely linked population aspects. Migration results in urbanization while urbanization results in poverty. The high rates of urbanization in developing countries lead to urban poverty. Urban poverty has adverse implications on the economy of a country. For this reason, measures need be taken to avoid increasing urban poverty in developing countries. Implementations of government policies to that end will go a long way towards ensuring good urban centers in the future in developing countries. This may take years but it is worth the effort. It also has the advantage of ensuring a country fully utilizes its human and material resources to better itself. Thus, the economy of such a country is sure to increase. References Bilsborrow, E. (1996). Migration, Urbanization, and Development: New Directions and Issues. New Y ork: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Cohen, R. (1996). Theories of Migration: A Two-Sector Analysis. Cheltenham: Elgar Publications. Davis, M. ( 2007). The Urban Climacteric. London: Verso. Harris, J. Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, Unemployment Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. New York: American Economic Review. 60(1): 126-42. Martin, G. McGranaham, G. Montgomery, M. (2008). The New Global Frontier: Urbanisation,Poverty, and Environment in the 21st Century. London: Eartscan Publishers. Mohanty, B. (1993). Urbanization in Developing Countries: Basic Service and Community Participation. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Payne, R. (2011). Global Issues. New York: Pearsons Publishers. Samers, M. (2010). Migration. New York: Routledge Publishers. UNFPA. (2007). State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential for Urban Growth. Accessed from www.unfpa.org/public/publications/pid/408 Urban Age. (2009). Cities and Social Equity: Inequality, territory and urban form. London: LS E Publishers.

5 Steps to Choosing the Right Medical Career Path

5 Steps to Choosing the Right Medical Career Path Whether you’re a biochem whiz, or just a Grey’s Anatomy addict, you’ve decided that the medical field is for you. You want to save lives, or hold hands and mop brows, or make a difference. Or maybe you just want to make more money, and have noticed that the medical professions tend to be well-paid. That’s great. But what if you don’t know any more than that? Where to next?Here are 5 steps to figuring out which medical career to choose, and in which direction to push yourself in your drive forward toward success.1. Choose your adventureWhatever your motivation, dig a little deeper and make sure you know exactly what it entails. Then orient yourself accordingly. Are you more of a people (read: patients) person? Or a lab rat? Do you want to do the nitty-gritty day-to-day aide of the ailing? Or would you rather assist a surgeon? Or would you like to be more hands on and try working in PT or occupational therapy? Figure out what skills and tastes you hav e, then figure out which field within the medical family suits those best. Then make sure you’re aware of any training or schooling you’d require for that field, and whether or not you’re willing to acquire it.2. SpecializeWould you prefer to be in hospital or clinic? A doctor’s office or an urgent care? Do you want to be around children, the elderly, expecting mothers? Or a couple hundred beakers and test tubes? Figure out your ideal work environment, then start looking for positions within those.3.  Pick an ideal roleWithin that work environment, what’s your ideal role? Do you want to be a leader? A team member? An assistant? Would you rather do administrative duties? Or patient care? Consider what is most appropriate for you, your skills and talents, your knowledge, the level of education you’re likely to attain, and of course, your temperament. (Don’t decide to be a trauma surgeon if stress makes you faint. And don’t pick a desk job in health records if you get easily bored.)4. Get the skillsOnce you’ve narrowed down a field, a work environment, and role, make sure you have a good grasp on the skills and experience required. If you don’t have any of them, or you need to pursue certifications or degrees, get started as soon as you can. You’ll never have a shot at the jobs you want unless you work to be qualified enough to land them.5. Study hardNo matter what path you’ve chosen, you’re probably going to need some additional school. Do similar soul-searching when choosing a program that’s best for you. Then study hard, keep your eye on the prize, and remember: now that you’ve done all this preparation and self-interrogation, you can be confident in your choice. This is the career you want. Go get it.

Final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Term Paper Example Analyzing some of the recent incidents it is quite evident that the terrorist attacks are increasing day by day and there occurs a number of causalities and death. The recent reports appeared in the media relating to terrorism is quite alarming. The suicide bombings which tolled the lives of about 70 people and more than 100 causalities in Yemen in two separate incidents on 9th October, the death of two dozen people in a suicide bomb attack in Baghdad, Iraq on 1st November, the murder of six guards riddled with bullets in Philippines on November 2nd this year, are some of the recent terrorist attacks. Analyzing the recent terrors in the world, it is quite visible that it is none other than the Islamic States who executed thousands of men in the Middle-East countries. They conduct massive attacks with latest weapons and have already conquered a major portion of this region. According to the media reports that appeared on 30th October, the Islamic State executed one-hundred and fifty Iraqi villagers, and threw their bodies into a mass grave. This incident is one among the deadly attacks of the Islamic State which form a parallel government in th e Middle East region now. ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) or ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) has been identified as a Sunni, extremist, jihadist group which proclaimed themselves to be a parallel state based on Caliphate and establishes its power in Iraq and Syria in the Middle East. It is often viewed as the true adherent of al-Qaeda and implemented the draconian Sharia law, which in reality curtailed almost all the freedoms of women folk. This law strictly suggests the women to cover themselves from head to toe, denies education, and even restricting the food items that women can purchase. When the U.S. troops in Iraq exercised strict actions to regulate these terrorist groups,

Ethical considerations and regulatory requirements in the development Essay

Ethical considerations and regulatory requirements in the development of NAS - Essay Example It encompasses the ethical and scientific aspects to be considered when planning, performing, documenting and reporting all phases of the clinical trial. The regulations and guidelines in conducting these trials are set forth in order to safeguard the rights, safety and overall well-being of trial subjects. In the process of obtaining human subjects for the clinical trial, it is necessary to procure a written informed consent from the persons involved. The Nuremberg Code of 1947 states that, "voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reason ably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.† " (Mitscherlich et. al., par. 2) In cases where an individual is considered unable to give informed consent, such as in the case of unconscious patients, children, and/or mentally ill patients, another person is generally authorized to give consent on their behalf. This is permissible only if the necessity of having this particular set of subject has been established and that there are no other alternatives otherwise. Also, the subject should be duly informed of his right to terminate his participation in the experiment at any given time, provided that he informs the investigator of his intentions to withdraw from the study and his reason for doing so. The ICH GCP guideline on informed consent maintains that, "The written informed consent form and any other written information to be provided to subjects should be revised whenever important new information becomes available that may be relevant to the subject's consent. Any revised written informed consent form, and written information should receive the IRB/IEC's approval/favourable opinion in advance of use. The subject or the subject's legally acceptable representative should be informed in a timely manner if new information becomes available that may be relevant to the subject's willingness to continue participation in the trial. The communication of this information should be documented." (ICH GCP 4.8.2, page 20) The written approval or favorable opinion of the written consent form and other written information to be given to the subjects should be obtained from the IRB/IEC before starting the clinical trial. (ICH GCP 4.8.1, page 20) Question #2: Can the testing of medicines in healthy volunteers be justified according to the